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Factors influencing the rise in insecurity in gudele payam in juba, south sudan
(Egerton University, 2015-08) Manut John ,Wol Deng
This study investigated the factors influencing the rise of insecurity in Gudele Payam Juba City, South Sudan. Gudele Payam has experienced increasing crime levels, threatening residents’ safety and social stability, yet prior research on South Sudan’s security lacks specific analysis of localized drivers, particularly economic and socio-cultural factors in this post-conflict, peri-urban context. This study sought to identify and map insecurity incidents,
examine the economic and socio-cultural factors driving their increase, and evaluate
residents’ coping mechanisms in Gudele Payam amid rising threats. The study was
Conducted in Gudele Payam’s quarter councils selected for their size, mix of formal and
informal structures, and high insecurity rates. The research was guided by the broken windows theory, viewing the environment as key to social cohesion and control. Stratified random and purposive sampling selected articipants, with data collected via interviews due to low literacy levels. Quantitative data were processed using the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software to generate descriptive statistics, including frequency tables illustrating factors driving insecurity. Findings showed Gudele Payam faced high incidents of theft (55%), robbery (52%), assault (43%), and drug-related insecurities (38%), with hotspots mapped in dense, poorly lit areas. Economic factors like unemployment (72%), poverty
(68%), and informal markets (61%) significantly contributed to insecurity. Socio-cultural factors, including breakdown of traditional values (59%), influx of non-natives (53%), and weak community cohesion (47%), also fueled the rise. Coping mechanisms included vigilante groups (41%) and eligious/traditional authorities (32%), though 27% felt helpless.
Conclusions are: (1) varied insecurity types and hotspots demand targeted policing; (2) economic hardship drives crime, needing job creation; (3) socio-cultural fragmentation worsens insecurity, requiring cohesion efforts; and (4) limited coping strategies highlight the need for enhanced security support. The study provided a comprehensive understanding of
insecurity factors in Gudele Payam, informing targeted strategies to reduce it and enhance safety. Recommendations included community-based prevention programs, economic opportunities, strengthened social cohesion, and improved local security capacity, contributing to residents’ well-being
PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY GOATS FED ON SWEET SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) SILAGE SUPPLEMENTED WITH FORAGE CHICORY (Cichorium intybus (L.)
(Egerton University, 2025) Christine Kerubo Onkeo
This study investigated the performance of lactating dairy goats fed on sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) silage supplemented with forage chicory (Cichorium intybus (L.). The specific objectives were to determine the nutritional value based on proximate analysis and in vitro digestibility, the effect of supplementing sweet sorghum silage diet with forage chicory on the performance of dairy goats, and to assess income over feed cost of dairy goats fed on sweet sorghum silage supplemented with forage chicory. Results from proximate analysis showed that T4 (30%) recorded the highest amount of ash (121.4 g/kg DM), CP (138.7 g/kg DM), CF (323.8 g/kg DM), EE (30.6 g/kg DM), ADL (51.8 g/kg DM), and CT (0.9 g/kg DM) while T1 recorded the least. In vitro gas production was considerably higher (p<0.05) in T4 indicating highest digestibility than T1. To determine the performance, twelve (12) Toggenburg dairy goats with the same body weight (38.7 ± 9.7 kg), same parity, and mid-stage lactation aged between 18-24 months were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments and replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The dairy goats were fed on sweet sorghum silage ad libitum and supplemented with forage chicory at 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The feeding trial lasted for ten weeks, two weeks for the adaptation period, and eight weeks for the measurement of dry matter intake, average daily gain, milk yield, and milk composition. Data were analysed by the general linear model of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical analysis system SAS version 9.4. The significant differences in means were separated using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test at (P˂0.05). Results showed that dry matter intake, average daily gain, and milk yield were significantly different at (p<0.05) with T4 (30%) performing better than T1 (0%). While in milk composition, there was no significant difference in T1, T2 and T3, T4 of fats and protein at (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in T3 from T1 and T2. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in lactose and total solids of T2, T3 and T4. To determine income over feed cost, data from feed cost associated with milk production, and income from milk sales was included in the data from the feeding experiment conducted for eight weeks. Data were analysed by the general linear model of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical analysis system SAS version 9.4. The significant differences in means were separated using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test at (P˂0.05). Results showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in IOFC of T1 and T2, and T3 and T4 but there was significant difference (p˂0.05) in T3 from T1 and T2. This study concluded that a 30% supplementation level of forage chicory had the highest nutritional value and digestibility that led to the improvement of the performance of dairy goats.
Impact of wetland conversion to cropland on soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in Yala Wetland, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025-10) Mukiibi Jackson
Climate change is one of the major global concerns, with scientific evidence linking it to the rising emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere. Wetlands provide an optimum natural environment for mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. Converting wetlands to cropland is well known to reduce soil carbon storage and increase emissions of GHGs. However, there is limited data on how different wetland plants and conversion of wetlands to cropland influence carbon and GHG fluxes. This study aimed to fill the gap in understanding how different wetland plant communities and land conversion affect carbon and nitrogen fluxes. This study was conducted during a dry season i.e. from December 2024 to March 2025 in Kadenge and Usonga sections of Yala wetland. The sampling design was stratified and included four sampling sites that is, wetland areas converted to sugarcane and those dominated by Cyperus alopecuroides, Typha latifolia, and Cyperus papyrus. Each site had three sub-sampling sites (replicates), each with three chambers to cater for spatial heterogeneity. Sampling of gases was carried out twice a month using the closed static chamber method. The gas samples were analysed using the SRI GHG gas chromatograph. Soil samples were collected during each sampling session and analysed for NO3-N, NH4-N, soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus, and total nitrogen.
The Kruskal–Walli’s test was used to examine the differences in the medians of SOC and GHGs under the different wetland plant dominance and cropland. The results showed that SOC was significantly lower in areas converted to sugarcane (1.73%) than areas dominated by either Cyperus alopecuroides (2.98 %), Typha latifolia (3.50%) or Cyperus papyrus (3.09 %) (adj. p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the proportion of SOC among the plant communities (adj. p > 0.05). Both CO2 and N2O did not show significant differences in their emissions among the sites (adj p > 0.05). Significantly higher CH4 emissions were observed in Cyperus alopecuroides (27.19 mg m− 2 h−1) compared to Cyperus papyrus (0.09 mg m− 2 h−1) and sugarcane areas (0.31 mg m− 2 h−1). In this study, conversion of a wetland area to a sugarcane farm significantly reduced the SOC but had no significant effect on GHG emissions except for CH4 which was significantly higher in Cyperus alopecuroides. Therefore, this necessitates sustainable use of wetlands to minimize SOC loss and consequently GHG emissions.
Performance of Improved Indigenous Layer Chicken in Kenya fed on Processed Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Root Meal-Based Diet
(Egerton University, 2025) Chelangat Nasta
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal (CRM) is a readily available and inexpensive feed ingredient in tropical areas; it limits its use in poultry food due to low protein content and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content. This study compared the impact of enzyme-treated cassava root meal (CRM) on nutrient profiles, productive traits, egg quality, and economic returns in
enhanced indigenous layer hens. To determine the impact of the processing technique fermentation (spontaneous, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the enzyme treatment on the nutritive value of CRM and the level of hydrogen cyanide, the pre-test was carried out. An experimental feeding was done over 12 weeks in a deep litter house where there were thirty-six chickens, sixteen weeks old. The cage was used to separate the experimental unit with three chickens per square meter, and each treatment was repeated three times. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental diets were formulated containing 0, 25, 50 and 75% enzyme treated CRM. Data on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and egg production were collected and subjected to the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design (CRD) using the General Linear Model procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4 at a 5% significance level. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in feed intake among the treatments, but the FCR was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the 75% CRM. There was a significant difference (p< 0.05) in egg production among treatments, with a significantly low egg production at 75% CRM. The highest egg shape index was recorded in the 75% CRM diet (73.385, p<0.05), while eggshell thickness was highest in the 50% CRM (0.594 mm, p<0.05). Yolk-to-albumen ratio was highest in the 50% CRM diet (57.420, p<0.05). Economic analysis showed that the 50% CRM inclusion gave the highest economic returns (ROI of 47.7%, CBR of 1.48, and profit of KES 3,681.74 per treatment (3 chicken), p<0.05). In comparison, the 75% CRM inclusion showed the lowest economic returns. It is concluded that a CRM inclusion level of up to 50% is optimal based on feed conversion ratio, percentage egg production, egg quality, and ROI. The study recommended inclusion of up to 50% of enzyme-treated CRM for better sustainability and profitability in improved indigenous layer chicken production.
Stakeholders’ perceptions on the influence of environmental policy adopted on economic performance of small and medium sized manufacturing enterprises in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025-02) Kakai,Lindah Fatuma
I would like to express my profound gratitude to the individuals and organizations whose unwavering support and contributions played a crucial role in the completion of this research Thesis. Firstly, I am entirely grateful to God for guiding me when I felt stuck. Secondly, sincere thanks go to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for their financial support through the DAAD In-Country Scholarship, enabling me to pursue a Master of Research and Public Studies (MRPP) degree at Egerton University. This funding not only facilitated the execution of the research but also underscored the significance of the study. Thirdly, heartfelt appreciation is extended to my supervisors: Prof. Mark Okere, Prof. Anthony Sang, and Dr. Grace Ndeke for their unwavering enthusiasm, constant encouragement, support, inspiration, and guidance throughout the entire research process. Fourthly, my sincere appreciation goes to the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) for granting me the permit to collect the necessary data for this research. Lastly, I am grateful to all the individuals who participated in my study during the data collection process; your invaluable contributions have significantly advanced our understanding of the influence of environmental policy adoption on the economic performance of manufacturing SMEs. Your willingness to be part of this endeavor is greatly appreciated. I sincerely appreciate each one of you for being an integral part of this rewarding expedition. Your contributions have played a vital role in the success of this research, and for that, I extend my gratitude to each of you.