Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

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Lexico grammatical errors among Tugen learners of english
(2010-11) Kandagor, Daniel C.
This research sought to determine and describe lexico-grammatical errors made by students in upper primary school. The objectives of the study were to describe the nature of lexico.-grammatical errors, investigate the extent to which L1 contributed to these errors and establish the effect of these errors on the learner language. The study was based on Error Analysis and Interlanguage theories. A simple random sample of seventy ﬁve standard six Tugen speakers ii-om Baringo district in Riﬁ Valley province was selected. The researcher then collected data ﬁom this sample and classiﬁed the various lexico-grammatical errors. The following tools were used for elicitation of data: written composition, passage rewriting, cloze test and a questionnaire. The errors that were identiﬁed were grouped into seven categories and later the frequency of occurrence analyzed. The study in the end established that there were indeed a number of lexico-grammatical errors. For instance, sound similarity errors posted a higher percentage compared to the other errors showing that the L; learners still needed attention to correct them. Language switch had fewer errors that were picked from this research. The research also established that a majority of these errors are caused by the process of learning the second language while others could be attributed to ﬁrst language interference. In short, the causes remain varied. The research observed that Tugen L1 speakers make a lot of lexico-grammatical errors, some hampering their communication while the other errors did not cause miscommunication. The ﬁndings ﬁ-om this study will be a source of knowledge to linguists and curriculum developers will gain insights towards the re-arrangement and re-alignment of the language syllabus.
Gender and political transformation in Kenya: a case study of women in Luoland, 1895-2002
(Egerton University, 2013-10) Nyakwaka, Dorothy A.
The impact of colonialism on African women and the transformation of their roles in the social, economic and political spheres has been the focus of many Africanist scholars. However, most of the works focus on African women generally. The current study specifically, focuses on Luo women in Kenya. It is an inquiry into the gendered political transformation the Luo have undergone from 1895 – 2002. It specifically analyses the role of women in pre-colonial Luo society. It also examines how the integration of the Luo community into the colonial system impacted on women. It further discusses how colonialism marginalised the women and how the independent Kenyan state has continued with the same legacy. The study has included the voices of the the few female political leaders such as; Grace Onyango, Phoebe Asiyo, Grace Ogot, Mama Uhuru: Magdalene Aboge Alila, Caroline Oguta and Roseline Aricho in the struggle against political marginalisation. Finally, it analyses the democratic transition in Kenya and how it impacted on Luo women.The study used two theoretical frameworks to interrogate the objectives. The liberal feminism and gender theory were used as tools of historical analysis. The two perspectives captured the roles of women in the period under study. The perspectives show how the gender roles were transformed, historically and culturally over time. The theories were used to show how the few women who challenged marginalisation worked within the societal structures to bring about changes for the women. The women politicians worked to change policies and to introduce new strategies such as Affirmative Action so as to have women integrated into national politics.The study is based on data from both primary and secondary sources. The data was analysed using the theoretical tools to explain the gendered political transformatoin that has taken place in Luoland.The study established that in the pre-colonal Luo society, women were actively involved in every aspect of the societal life, that is, social, economic and political. The political was closely fused with the economic and social spheres. Medicine women and prophetess for example made decisions that impacted the whole community. This fused version of politics would end with the integration of the Luo society and the colonial state, whereby the public sphere and domestic sphere were divided, thus locking women out of politics. The marginalisation of women in politics is as a result of a combination of factors; namely, colonial legacy, lack of education, lack of funds, political violence and abuse, and party-politics to mention but just a few. The study findings show a paucity of women in political positions, reflecting the existence of an unfavourable climate for women’s political initiative. In addition, it reveals that the democratisation process, beginning with the introduction of multiparty politics in 1991 has not, empowered Luo women in terms of political gains.
Uchanganuzi wa vitendo neni katika khutuba za ijumaa na athari zake kwa waumini wa Bugisu, mashariki mwa Uganda
(Egerton University, 2014-01) Matasi, Badru Haroon
Language is a very important tool that is used by man to communicate messages, ideas andsocietal values. It had been claimed, however, that language used in Islamic religious sermonshad negative effects on the audience. However, no research had been conducted to confirm the claim and establish the extent of the effects of the language used in those sermons. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of the language of khutuba on the faithfuls who listen to these Friday sermons. The objectives of the study were to establish speech acts in Friday sermons and their effects on believers who profess Islam. The study was intended to answer specific research questions namely; do Friday sermons have specific speech acts, do those speech acts affect listeners in certain ways and what recommendendations could be suggested to ensure that speech acts with positive effects, preferred by the listenership are used in the sermons?. The study was guided by the Speech Acts Theory and supplemented by the Implicature Theory. Speech acts and opinions of listeners as regards the Friday sermons formed data for the research. The data was collected from Khutubas delivered in mosques in Eastern Uganda i.e. Mbale, Sironko, Manafa and Bududa districts. Participant observation method was used in data collection. This entailed tape recording 30 sermons from 30 Mosques and taking notes regarding paralinguistic features in the sermons. In addition, 30 Imams who represent 10% of the total number of Imams in mosques found in the area under study and 108 faithfuls were purposively selected. The taped sermons were transcribed and speech acts identified. Thereafter, respondents were contacted and interviewed regarding the intention and effects of the speech acts identified from the sermons. The data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics to show the frequency distribution of speech acts emerging from the sermons and the findings were described and interpreted using the qualitative method. The study is a contribution to the area of discourse analysis. Speech acts in Friday sermons were identified. The study revealed that the speech acts had negative effects on the believers who listened to the sermons and recommended the use of speech acts that believers seemed to prefer as a measure of preventing inflammatory utterances that might cause conflicts in society.
Towards indigenous poetics: morality and stylistic nuances in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Gǐkũyũ fiction
(Egerton University, 2014-02) Muhia, Johnsons Mugo
This study is a stylistic investigation of Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Gikuyu fiction. Its purpose is to interrogate the use of orature and the aesthetic value it has given to his Gikuyu creative writings. The use of vernacular languages in literary creation and the inherent challenges opened an avenue that had not been explored in African literature. Earlier works that had laid the basis of African literature, and especially in Ngugi’s case, were short stories as opposed to the novelistic discourse. These languages, which had not been used in creating long literary discourses, need to be examined as to how they were moulded for literary creation. The study has attempted to show that orature does not only have aesthetic appeal but it is also a growing body of art that is able to adapt to changes in the society through space and time. The study has evaluated how Ngugi has appropriated Gikuyu language and oral tradition to achieve aesthetic effect. It has also analyzed Ngugi’s adaptation of motifs and images of oral tradition in a changing, contemporary society and its use in projecting social and ideological vision. Based on eclectic but carefully selected theoretical framework and methodological orientation, the study has taken advantage of postcolonial, stylistics and semiotic theory (including some postulations from semiotic theoreticians like Foucault, Bakhtin and Althusser). From semiotic theory the study has taken cognizance of the importance of signs in all cultures, this has guided the study in interrogating the growth and adaptability of oral forms (which are treated as individual signs) through time. The enquiry has also taken advantage of Saussure’s concept of langue and parole, and has approached oral tradition as a system from which African creative writers’ use in their construction of a work of art. Postcolonial theory has been crucial to the study, especially in the light of Ngugi’s change of language, and more because language is an important component in the questions of identity, power and representation. The study’s conclusion is that Ngugi employs orature as a textual strategy in consciously subverting and deconstructing colonial and neo-colonial practices. It has also been used as a process of reclaiming and recovering the previously occluded indigenous histories and tradition. The recuperated oral forms have in turn been employed as models or templates in representing contemporary postcolonial reality. In the studied works therefore, orature emerges as a vii weapon of resistance against all forms of social injustices, its constituents which include oral narratives, proverbs, songs and riddles are some of the locales from which differing ideologies are discussed, contested and subverted.
Ethical issues in the Management of HIV/Aids Patients in Nakuru District, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2014-02) Juma, Fredrick Okoiti
The cure of HIV/AIDS has not been discovered, hence causing fear, discrimination and stigmatization to the victims. The general objective of this study was to establish whether healthcare professionals understood and adhered to different codes of professional ethics while treating HIV/AIDS patients, and whether lack of this contributed to fear, discrimination and stigma. The study examined this problem through the utilitarian ethical theory propagated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The main goal of utilitarianism is to minimize pain, misery and suffering which is part of what Hippocratic Oath of doctors and other ethical codes of healthcare professionals’ state. The population of the study comprised of doctors, nurses, clinical officers, laboratory technicians and HIV/AIDS patients. The sample size consisted of 11 doctors, 91 nurses, 13 clinical officers, 10 laboratory technicians and 120 HIV/AIDS patients. The total respondents were 245 from the total number of 340 healthcare professionals and HIV/AIDS patients. The study was carried out in the Rift Valley Province, Nakuru, district, covering district government hospitals, namely Naivasha, Gilgil, Nakuru and Molo. The computer based statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used in data analysis. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, by using tables and means. The hypotheses were that the majority of the healthcare professionals do not understand and adhere to their codes of professionalism while treating HIV/AIDS patients, which the study established not to be the case. Chi- Square test was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Major recommendations were that, there was need for healthcare professionals to continually undergo short courses to remind them of their unique profession in society, and that healthcare workers should maintain high standards of ethical professionalism, should improve their skills and knowledge, in order to keep current with scientific advances in medical knowledge.
Taashira na utendaji katika nyimbo za harusi za waswahili, kisiwani Unguja
(Egerton University, 2014-08) Ali, Abdulrahim Hussein Taib
This study set out to analyze the use of symbolism and performance of Swahili songs during wedding in Unguja. The research was carried out, completed and the findings given. Chapter one of this thesis mainly explains the statement of the problem which was a knowledge gap on the use of symbolism and performance of Swahili songs during weddings. There are also research questions that include identification of symbols and ritual performances that are significant for the wedding ceremony and the establishment of the meanings of the symbols used in the songs and ritual performances. Chapter two lays down what other scholars have written on symbolisms, Swahili songs and performances. The chapter also explains Performance and Semiotic theories as guiding theories of the study. Chapter three explains the methodology used in the research, which are mainly interviews and participant observations, though in certain song performance contexts where cultural prohibition does not allow a man, a female research assistant was employed. The chapter also explains that the collected data was descriptively analyzed by coding in order to group the songs with symbolisms and songs with ritual performances that are significant to the wedding ceremony separately. Chapter four presents the findings on the use symbolism, which shows that symbolisms in wedding songs have a cultural significance in underscoring to the bride and the groom, the expected life as a couple. In chapter five, the researcher has given findings on performance which demonstrates the necessity of ritual performance as an accompaniment to the wedding songs that are sung as ritual songs. Chapter six discusses the implications of the use of symbolism in wedding occasions to show that they are semantically significant and performance which are ritually significant during weddings in Unguja Island. These findings therefore confirm both research questions which the research had set out to answer and contribute significantly to the field of oral literature, in particular on the songs of the Coastal people of East Africa.
Sensationalism in news reporting on husband battering in Nyeri County, Kenya.
(Egerton University, 2014-09) Kebenei, Dorcas Jepkemboi
Agricultural land use and its implications on household food security in Kisii Central Sub-County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2015-09) Kumba, Janepha Kemunto
Agricultural land is an important resource for farm households as it forms the base for their livelihoods. Therefore, the manner in which households utilize this resource influences to a large extent their food security situation. This study sought to establish the impact of agricultural land use on household food security in Kisii Central sub-County, Kisii County. To achieve this objective the study focused on the following; examination of the various land use activities, assessment of the food security situation of households, establishment of the relationships between agricultural land use and household food security and finally determination of the influence of household socio-economic characteristics on agricultural land use and household food security in the study area. Agricultural land use was conceptualized as consisting of four categories namely; cash crop, food crop, fruits and vegetables and pasture and napier grass while household food security was assessed using Experience-based method. The sampling frame comprised all rural farm households in Kisii Central sub-County within the LH1, UM1 and LM2 agro-ecological zones. The sub-Location with the highest population density within each agro-ecological zone was selected and a stratified random sample of 209 respondents was picked. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from farm household heads. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17.0). Descriptive statistics provided statistical summaries while Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to establish the relationship between agricultural land use and household food security and also analyze the influence of household socio-economic characteristics on agricultural land use and household food security. Results from the study showed that agricultural land was allocated as follows; food crop (65%), cash crop (25%) and others (10%). Most households were food secure (77.5%). Cash crop (p=0.000) and pasture / napier grass (p=0.002) were found to be significantly related to household food security. The socio-economic characteristics that had a significant influence on agricultural land use and household food security were the level of education of household head, farm size and household income. The study recommends that efforts should be put in place to boost household income through efficient utilization of the land resource in the production of both food and cash crops in order to ensure household food security within the study area.
Body adornment among the Samburu: a historical perspective
(Egerton University, 2015-09) Njoroge, Ruth Nyambura
Self-adornment plays a significant role in ensuring the continuity of the political and cultural life of pastoralists. This study outlines changes in Samburu body adornment from the pre-colonial period to the present. In the study it is argued that Samburu body adornment in the pre-colonial period was influenced by interaction with neighbouring communities like the Rendille. Colonial policies and mingling of cultures in the post-independent period also shaped Samburu body adornment either positively or negatively. The study employed cultural theory of history. Cultural history combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look into popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. The ideas were borrowed from Edward Tylor and Simon Gunn. Tylor’s main concern was on the evolution of human culture. He stated that culture developed from primitive stages. He argued that communities within each stage of development had distinct traits which show slow replacement as new generations set in. As societies advanced some traits survived to present day culture. On the other hand Gunn had interest in periodization of body history and stated that modernity was specifically focusing back to the changes in the ancient symbols with the belief inspired by modern science towards social and moral development. Thus there is need to write a history of historically specific bodies, which provides an understanding of the body that is neither static nor coherent. Data was collected from literature search in the libraries and Kenya National Archives, photography and oral interviews on individuals and groups. Data from both primary and secondary sources was analyzed chapter by chapter within the parameters set by the research problem and the theoretical framework. Findings indicate that forms of body adornment among the Samburu are pre-historic. Many forms of traditional body adornment have evolved overtime and still exist within the community, however, examples of recent forms of body adornment, show that although still very much in practice, in many cases the meaning has been lost. The impact of Christianity, colonial policies, trading of new materials, have all played a major part in the evolving patterns of Samburu body adornment. Tourists brought new fashions, materials, creations and designs that changed Samburu views of everyday body adornment. Body adornment among the Samburu is today is based on what looks good as apposed to a ritual or rite of passage that marked one's body. The study will contribute to the preservation of the Samburu cultural values in Kenya’s historiography. Further, the research findings will used as reference for researchers who may want to understand similar or different aspects of the Samburu cultural practices and of other communities in Kenya.
Body adornment among the Samburu: A historical perspective
(Egerton University, 2015-09) Njoroge, Ruth Nyambura
Self-adornment plays a significant role in ensuring the continuity of the political and cultural life of pastoralists. This study outlines changes in Samburu body adornment from the pre-colonial period to the present. In the study it is argued that Samburu body adornment in the pre-colonial period was influenced by interaction with neighbouring communities like the Rendille. Colonial policies and mingling of cultures in the post-independent period also shaped Samburu body adornment either positively or negatively. The study employed cultural theory of history. Cultural history combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look into popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. The ideas were borrowed from Edward Tylor and Simon Gunn. Tylor’s main concern was on the evolution of human culture. He stated that culture developed from primitive stages. He argued that communities within each stage of development had distinct traits which show slow replacement as new generations set in. As societies advanced some traits survived to present day culture. On the other hand Gunn had interest in periodization of body history and stated that modernity was specifically focusing back to the changes in the ancient symbols with the belief inspired by modern science towards social and moral development. Thus there is need to write a history of historically specific bodies, which provides an understanding of the body that is neither static nor coherent. Data was collected from literature search in the libraries and Kenya National Archives, photography and oral interviews on individuals and groups. Data from both primary and secondary sources was analyzed chapter by chapter within the parameters set by the research problem and the theoretical framework. Findings indicate that forms of body adornment among the Samburu are pre-historic. Many forms of traditional body adornment have evolved overtime and still exist within the community, however, examples of recent forms of body adornment, show that although still very much in practice, in many cases the meaning has been lost. The impact of Christianity, colonial policies, trading of new materials, have all played a major part in the evolving patterns of Samburu body adornment. Tourists brought new fashions, materials, creations and designs that changed Samburu views of everyday body adornment. Body adornment among the Samburu is today is based on what looks good as apposed to a ritual or rite of passage that marked one's body. The study will contribute to the preservation of the Samburu cultural values in Kenya’s historiography. Further, the research findings will used as reference for researchers who may want to understand similar or different aspects of the Samburu cultural practices and of other communities in Kenya.
Uchanganuzi wa hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere kwa mkabala wa nadharia ya balagha
(Egerton University, 2015-09) Musa, Yasin Salim
Mshawasha wa idhaa ya taifa wa kuzipeperusha hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere hewani kila uchao kabla ya utafiti huu, ulikuwa bado haujafahamika. Katika kuziba mwanya wa kielimu, utafiti huu ulichanganua hotuba zake ili kubaini ikiwa kuna maudhui mahsusi na mbinu za kiisimu zinazozua ushawishi katika hotuba zake hasa kwa mkabala wa Nadharia ya Balagha. Madhumuni ya Utafiti huu yalikuwa ni: Kutambulisha maudhui mahususi yaliyomo katika hotuba teule za Mwalimu Nyerere; kubainisha jinsi mitindo katika hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere inavyotumika kushawishi hadhira; na kupambanua athari zinazoikumba hadhira ya wasikilizaji ama wasomaji wa hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere. Maswali ya utafiti yalikuwa ni: Hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere zina maudhui gani mahsusi yanayoweza kutambulishwa? Mwalimu Nyerere alitumia mitindo gani katika hotuba zake kushawishi hadhira? na Hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere zina athari gani mahsusi kwa hadhira? Nadharia ya Balagha iliyoasisiwa na Aristotle ndiyo iliyoongoza utafiti huu. Hotuba teule ishirini na sita za kimaandishi zilichanganuliwa kwa njia ya uchunguzi wa yaliyomo ili kupata deta ya maudhui na mitindo ili kukidhi madhumuni ya kwanza na ya pili utafiti huu. Deta ya maoni ya watu ishirini na sita wenye desturi ya kusikiliza hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere kupitia redio ya Taifa (T B C) ilikusanywa ili kukidhi madhumuni ya tatu. Uchanganuzi wa deta ulifanyika kwa kutumia mbinu ya kithamano na ya kiwingidadi. Mbinu hizo pia ndizo zilizotumika katika kuelezea matokeo ya utafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti yalidhihirisha kwamba kulikuwa na maudhui ya: Umoja wa kitaifa na wa Wafanyakazi, Azimio la Arusha: Ufaafu wake, kupaa na kutunguliwa kwake, Uongozi bora: Uwajibikaji, Makemevu kuhusu Rushwa, Ukabila na Udini, Umuhimu wa Sheria, Demokrasia, Ubaguzi, Onyo kwa Idd Amin; Kilimo kwanza na Elimu kwa wote. Pia mbinu za kiisimu zifuatazo zilibainika: maswali ya kibalagha; tashbiha; tashhisi; tashtiti, takriri neno, tafsida; tafsida kengeushi, istiara, mafumbo, kinaya, kejeli, uchanganyaji ndimi, usimulizi misemo, methali na uchimuzi. Na maoni ya wasailiwa kuhusu hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere ilibainika kwamba hadi hivi leo Watanzania wangali wakizitafakari na kuzifurahia hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere kiasi cha kuzichukulia kama dira ya maongozi yao. Ni imani ya mtafiti kwamba, utafiti huu utachangia katika taaluma ya uchanganuzi usemi na usomi wa balagha katika hotuba. ABSTRACT Among the many things that made Mwalimu Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania, porpular to Tanzanians and the rest of the world up to now are his speeches and the style in which they were delivered on different occasions. This popularity has continued even after having passed away in 1999 as manifested in continued airing out of the speeches on daily basis on the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation. The reasons for according those speeches such priority had not yet been empirically established. This study, therefore, sought to analyse those speeches from the rhetorical perspective in order to bridge the knowledge gap. The objectives of the study were to establish the various themes embedded in Mwalimu Nyerere’s speeches and how style is used to persuade the audience that listen to them. It was hypothesized that Mwalimu Nyerere used to apply specific themes and styles in delivering his speeches and that the speeches had certain effects on the listeners. The study was guided by the Rhetoric Theory of Aristotle. Twenty six Speeches of Mwalimu Nyerere were collected from Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation libraries and analysed by using content analysis to establish themes and styles. Opinions were obtained from twenty six respondent to establish effect of speeches on audiences. The study revealed that Mwalimu Nyerere's speeches have specific themes which include: Unity; Importance of sticking to law; Corruption; Exemplary leadership; Significance of the Arusha Declaration; Workers' Unity; Education for all; A warning to Idd Amin; Democracy; The Ups and Downs of the Arusha Declaration. Furthermore; the speeches exhibited the use of rhetoric manifested in various linguistic devices and dramatic techniques intended to persuade the listenership. These include: Similes, Personification, Satire, Repetition, Metaphor, Parables, Irony, Code mixing, Proverbs and Narratives. The study shows that through such use of language, Mwalimu Nyerere’s speeches continue to attract the attention of many Tanzania to the extent that they regard them as guiding principles in as far as exemplary leadership is concerned. This study is a contribution to Discourse Analysis and the application of rhetoric in speeches. It is anticipated that it will benefit subsequent researchers, Sociolinguistics, politicians and community at large.
An examination of the implementation and prioritization of the three-pronged anti-corruption strategy in Nairobi County, Kenya (2003-2011)
(Egerton University, 2015-10) Nyaga, Isaiah Gitonga
This study examined the factors which influenced the implementation and prioritization of the three-pronged strategy which the Government of Kenya adopted in 2003 to fight corruption. Despite its adoption, the prevalence of corruption in the country remained high as reported in the anti-corruption commission reports, corruption perception surveys, parliamentary reports and in the media. The widespread corruption was an indication that the strategy faced challenges in reducing it and this situation propelled this study to be conducted to make suggestions on how to address the problem. The objectives of this study were to; examine the factors which influenced the institutional efforts of implementing the strategy, to assess its prioritization and to draw modifications in its implementation. Bureaucratic Theory and Rational Choice Theory were used to demonstrate how public officials abused power and authority bestowed on them to make selfish decisions which adversely influenced the implementation of the strategy and reduction of corruption. This study was conducted in Nairobi County due to the high prevalence of reported mega corruption cases and the fact that the site provided the requisite population being the centre of most of the public and private entities where major public decisions were made. The study relied on a Survey method, primary data was collected using structured and unstructured questionnaires administered among the three categories of the respondents. A discussion guide containing keys issues related to the objectives of the study was also provided to steer the focus group discussions. Additionally, secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished academic materials, public documents and internet sources. Majority of the respondents (75%) indicated that Government had not succeeded in implementing the strategy while 89% were of the opinion that political and socio-economic factors significantly influenced the strategy’s implementation. Judiciary was blamed by 97.9% of the total respondents for failing to facilitate the implementation of the strategy. Civic Education was given the highest priority by 51% of the total respondents as very effective strategy for reducing corruption, followed by Prevention (26%), and Investigation strategy (21%). This study concluded that corruption was still rampant and Government should enhance reforms required to address the political and socio-economic shortcomings affecting the strategy. It should also introduce anti-corruption studies in academic institutions and develop a criterion of prioritizing the three prongs. Corrupt offenders should be seriously punished and the unexplained assets recovered to deter potential offenders.
Challenges facing implementation of witness protection program in Kenya
(Egerton University, 2016-05) Kiprono, Wilson
Witnesses in highly sensitive cases are often intimated and physically harmed by people they are witnessing against or their associated. Kenyan government has enacted witness protection laws as results of pressure from International Criminal Court as part of conditions in prosecution of Post-Election Violence (PEV). This study sought to identify and document challenges facing implementation of witness protection program in Kenya. Specifically, this current study sought to achieve following objectives: to evaluate capacity gaps in Witness Protection Program and underlying causes; to explore adequate legal threshold and practice in Kenya‘s criminal justice system that expressly protects witnesses in court; to assess infrastructure-related challenges prevailing in protection of witnesses and to investigate socio-cultural barriers influencing protection of witnesses. This study is premised on structural functionalism theory. Case study research design was utilized in this study as it aided in gaining of in-depth information on issue of witness protection program. This study‘s target population were witness protection program officers working in diverse organizations including Attorney General‘s office, Law Society of Kenya, Directorate of Public Prosecution, Kenya Police, Ministry of Gender (Children‘s Department), Directorate of Witness Protection Agency, Children‘s Court, and representatives from National Assembly. Purposive sampling method was utilized to identify key informants from each of the organization totalling 40 respondents at five respondents per organization. Findings reveal a number of challenges which impede successful implementation of witness protection program in Kenya. They include: inadequate training due to limited resources and trainers; financial constraints due to inadequate funding by treasury; unclear witness protection procedures and poor infrastructural procedures of reaching witnesses. Infrastructure related challenges included: lack security, lack of physical facilities such as safe houses, escort services and audio gargets to protect witnesses. Also, major courts being located in major cities limits access to legal systems by rural folk and reluctance of some witnesses to leave their homes for the witness protection program. In establishing socio-cultural barriers influencing protection of witnesses, the study found that some cultures do not allow witnesses to testify in an open court especially offences related to intimacy. Recommendation is made for further research that will investigate ways of instituting effective programs which will focus on specific crimes
Peo na mikakati ya kimazungumzo katika uumbaji wa ujinsia miongoni mwa Wazulufu Nchini Kenya
(Egerton University, 2018-05) Gacheiya, Raphael Mwaura
This thesis is based on an anlaysis of adolsecents’ discursive construction of sexuality. Its main objective is to gain an understanding of the world of adolescents sexuality. Worldwide, studies on sexual behaviour among adolescents indicate that a significant number of adolescents are becoming sexually active at an early age. Whereas it is true that culture and language use fundamentally influence sexuality by creating and communicating values, norms, and expectations regarding sexual relationships and behaviour, it is also true that due to various socio-economic and political changes, these cultures are gradually being abandoned. How sexuality is linguistically defined and framed within adolescents groupings thereby influencing their sexual decision and actions inspired this research. Goffmans’s Frame Analysis Theory and van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework were used to examine the lexical items, the different discursive frames and strategies employed in the discourse of sexuality among school going adolescents. The study randomly selected a sample of 104 students from three secondary schools purposefully chosen within Nakuru County. Data was collected through focus group discussions. The data was transcribed, coded and analysed using Frame Analysis as well as Critical Analysis methods. The study established that the words used by adolescents in the construction of their sexuality falls into three functional categories and within which there were subcategories. These words are largely euphemistic and metaphorical. In view of frames, it emerged that there are four distinct frames i.e urgency frame, abstinence frame, authority and characterization or categorization frames. These frames mirror adolescents’ understanding and construction of sexuality and complement each other in the adolescent sexuality discourse. On strategies, seven strategies were used by the adolescents to naturalize and rationalize their sexual acts. These strategies are disclaimer, authority, categorization, euphemisim, metaphors, number game and hyperbole. It is hoped that these findings will not only add to the existing body of knowledge on sexuality discourse but will also inform stakeholders involved in designing youth sexuality programmes in different learning institutions. This may in turn contribute to solving issues such as unwanted pregnacies, school drop out and abortion among adolescents. Tasnifu hii inatokana na utathmini wa uumbaji kimazungumzo wa ujinsia miongoni mwa wazulufu. Lengo kuu ni kupata uangavu wa ulimwengu wa wazulufu kuhusu uelewa na ufasiri wao wa ujinsia. Ulimwenguni, tafiti kuhusu tabia za wazulufu zimebainisha kuwa wazulufu hushiriki ngono za mapema licha ya ujamianaji kabla ya ndoa kukashifiwa. Ingawa utamaduni, matumizi ya lugha na miktadha ya kijamii imegunduliwa kuwa na nafasi muhimu katika kuelewa na kuthibiti mahusiano na ushiriki wa ngono, ni kweli kuwa kutokana na mabadiliko ya jamii kiuchumi, kisiasa na kijamii, tamaduni hizi zimeasiwa na kupelekea itikadi ya kujihini na ubikira kutozingatiwa na wazulufu. Wazulufu wanapofikia umri wa kuvunja ungo huanza kuunda kijitamaduni ambacho hutofautiana na watu wazima. Miongoni mwa jinsi ya kujitambulisha kama kundi la wazulufu ni lugha inayotumika kueleza ulimwengu wao. Uumbaji wa ujinsia kimazungumzo baina ya wazulufu ulimotisha utafiti huu. Utafiti huu, kupitia Nadharia ya Uchanganuzi wa Peo na muundo msingi wa van Djik wa Uchanganuzi Hakiki wa Usemi ulitathmini leksia, peo na mikakati mbali mbali katika uumbaji wa ujinsia miongoni mwa wazulufu. Wanafunzi 104 waliteuliwa kishelabela katika shule tatu za upili mjini Nakuru zilizoteuliwa kimakusudi. Mkabala wa kinyanja uliohusisha mijadala katika vikundi viini kumi na viwili ulitumika kupata data. Data ilirekodiwa, kutunukuliwa na kuchanganuliwa kwa kutumia uchanganuzi peo na uchanganuzi usemi. Ilitambuliwa kuwa maneno wanayoyatumia wazulufu katika uumbaji wa ujinsia yanaweza kugawika kiuamilifu katika makundi manne makuu yaliyo na vijikategoria vidogo vidogo. Maneno haya ni ya kitasfida na kistiari. Kwa mujibu wa peo za mazungumzo, peo za kimsingi za udharura, kujihini, mamlaka na uanishaji zilibainika. Peo hizi zinakuzwa na peo jenzi zinazotokana na utasfidi na ustiari wa maneno tumikizi. Peo hizi ni dira na kiambo cha uelewa wa ujinsia miongoni mwa wazulufu. Mikakati saba ya kimazungumzo imetambuliwa. Mikakati hii imegunduliwa kuwa hutumiwa na wazulufu kuhalalisha na kukawaidisha matendo yao ya kiujinsia. Inatarajiwa kuwa matokeo haya bali na kuongezea ujuzi uliopo katika uwanja wa lugha na uzungumzi, ujinsia, nadharia ya peo, utanufaisha washika dau katika taasisi mbali mbali za mafunzo wanaoratibu sera na vipindi kuhusu ujinsia na uadilishaji wa wazulufu. Inakisiwa huu ni mchango utakaoimarisha jitahada za kutatua tatizo la mimba za mapema na zisizopangwa na uachaji masomo miongoni mwa wazulufu.
The contributions of councils of elders to the resilience of African traditional religion. A case of Njuri ncheke in Meru County, Kenya.
(Egerton University, 2018-08) Orina, Hellen Kagwiria
Among the peoples of Kenya, there has been a cultural and religious revival and all means are being sought to propagate it. In certain circles, there is even a revival of ethnic rites, religious rituals and customs, and there are national efforts to preserve and take pride in ethnic cultures. Councils of elders are being treated with respect and honour as custodians of these cultures and religious beliefs. Generally, there has been a resilience of African Traditional Religion (ATR) and traditional religious institutions and practices in Kenya in the embodiment of councils of elders as seen in the case of Njuri Ncheke of the Ameru. Njuri Ncheke has been resilient in the face of modernization, even in the context of a dynamic society with a modern judicial system, new constitutional laws and new religious structures. Inspite of this apparent resilience of Njuri Ncheke in Meru County, there has not been any systematic investigation to unearth the phenomenon. The broad objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the contributions of councils of elders to the resilience of African Traditional Religion in Kenya and in particular, the Njuri Ncheke of Meru County. The specific objectives were to identify the resilient practices and activities of Njuri Ncheke in relation to (ATR) in Meru County, to examine the sources of the influence and authority of the council in contemporary Meru community, to analyse the nature of the relationship between Njuri Ncheke and Christianity in the County and to assess the relevance of Njuri Ncheke in the context of a modern dynamic society. The study was informed by functionalism theory of religion as understood by Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. This was a qualitative study that sought to describe and analyse the resilience of traditional religious institutions in Kenya with Njuri Ncheke as a case study. The study involved a sample size of 200 respondents who were purposively selected. These were mainly Njuri Ncheke elders, clergy and religious leaders, and ordinary people. Data was collected using semi structured questions and structured interviews. The collected data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis in line with social sciences. The findings of the study are significant in making an important contribution to better understanding of councils of elders in Kenya and their role in ATR, understanding the role of religious and indigenous institutions in devolved system of governance, the basis of their influence and authority and their rightful place in a modern dynamic society.
The Contributions of Councils of Elders to the Resilience of African Traditional Religion: A Case of Njuri Ncheke in Meru County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2018-08) Kagwiria, Orina Hellen
Among the peoples of Kenya, there has been a cultural and religious revival and all means are being sought to propagate it. In certain circles, there is even a revival of ethnic rites, religious rituals and customs, and there are national efforts to preserve and take pride in ethnic cultures. Councils of elders are being treated with respect and honour as custodians of these cultures and religious beliefs. Generally, there has been a resilience of African Traditional Religion (ATR) and traditional religious institutions and practices in Kenya in the embodiment of councils of elders as seen in the case of Njuri Ncheke of the Ameru. Njuri Ncheke has been resilient in the face of modernization, even in the context of a dynamic society with a modern judicial system, new constitutional laws and new religious structures. Inspite of this apparent resilience of Njuri Ncheke in Meru County, there has not been any systematic investigation to unearth the phenomenon. The broad objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the contributions of councils of elders to the resilience of African Traditional Religion in Kenya and in particular, the Njuri Ncheke of Meru County. The specific objectives were to identify the resilient practices and activities of Njuri Ncheke in relation to (ATR) in Meru County, to examine the sources of the influence and authority of the council in contemporary Meru community, to analyse the nature of the relationship between Njuri Ncheke and Christianity in the County and to assess the relevance of Njuri Ncheke in the context of a modern dynamic society. The study was informed by functionalism theory of religion as understood by Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. This was a qualitative study that sought to describe and analyse the resilience of traditional religious institutions in Kenya with Njuri Ncheke as a case study. The study involved a sample size of 200 respondents who were purposively selected. These were mainly Njuri Ncheke elders, clergy and religious leaders, and ordinary people. Data was collected using semi structured questions and structured interviews. The collected data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis in line with social sciences. The findings of the study are significant in making an important contribution to better understanding of councils of elders in Kenya and their role in ATR, understanding the role of religious and indigenous institutions in devolved system of governance, the basis of their influence and authority and their rightful place in a modern dynamic society.
Factors influencing participation of elite women in political leadership in the Maasai community of Narok South Sub County, Narok County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2018-10) Kauria, Zeddy
This study sought to examine the participation and ascendancy of elite women in political leadership as it is of a national concern in Kenya. However, the case of Maasai community; especially within Narok South Sub-County has been focused in this study. The objectives of the study were to explore the influence of historical trends, socio-cultural, economic and demographic factors on women’s political participation. On the strength of these objectives, a conceptual framework was developed illustrating the relationship between independent, dependent and intervening variables. A theoretical framework based on the Radical Feminist perspectives, the theory of Empowerment and the structural theory informed the study. This study adopted descriptive survey research design. The study targeted elite women in Narok south sub county. A sample of 372 respondents was targeted but 294 participated during the actual study. The study used a mixed method in data collection where Questionnaires, focused group discussions guides and in- depth interview schedules were used as the main tools for data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using statistical package for social science version 21 (SPSS) and presented in the form of percentage, frequency distribution, chi-square and tables. In addition, analysis of variance was used to establish whether the mean differences between the variables were statistically significant or not. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and presented in form of excerpts, through identification, examination, and interpretation of patterns and themes in textual data. Findings of this study were expected to contribute to the theoretical and empirical knowledge on how to empower elite women to participate in political leadership and inform policy formulators. The study established that historical trends in the Maasai have an effect on the participation of elite women in politics. It was also noted that elite women participation in politics is influenced by the socio- cultural factors, demographic factors and economic factors. The results indicated that the four selected variables were all significant in influencing the participation of women in politics in the Maasai community. The study therefore concluded that the participation of elite women in politics is influenced by historical trends, socio- cultural factors, demographic factors and economic factors. The study recommended that women need to be sensitized about their important role in politics and leadership in the community in order to overcome the historical trends that make them lag behind; the community should lessen the cultural issues that are disadvantageous to women and ensure that women are free to participate in leadership activities: the government should enhance policy recommendations on women economic resource ownership and wealth accumulation among women without having to get permission from the men; Parliament should initiate effective strategies to implement the two thirds rule as provided in the constitution in support of women and provide a level playing ground for both men and women in political participation. Finally, government should implement strategies that lead to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Genealogical reconstruction of the proto -luluhyia language
(Egerton University, 2018-11) Lwangale, David Wafula
A genealogical reconstruction of any language is geared towards the formulation of a protolanguage. The reconstruction of a target language is largely dependent on the current use of its presumed varieties or dialects. In this case, the genealogical reconstruction of the ProtoLuluhyia language was possible through consideration of its dialects. The existing literature shows that genealogical reconstruction of a proto-language for all Luluhyia dialects had not been done. It was, therefore, necessary for a study to be undertaken to genealogically reconstruct Proto-Luluhyia language for all dialects under it. The study was guided by three objectives: establish the genealogical relatedness of the Luluhyia dialects, genealogically reconstruct Proto-Luluhyia language and determine phonological, semantic and morphological variations of Luluhyia dialects. The study was guided by the genetic hypothesis theory. The study employed qualitative method in which ethnography design was applicable. The researcher collected open-ended, emerging data with the primary intent of developing themes from the data. Sample in this study was selected from the native speakers of the Luluhyia dialects who formed the target population. The sample size of 170 respondents was used with each of the 17 Luluhyia dialects represented by 10 subjects. All the 17 Luluhyia dialects were purposively involved in the study for the purpose of reconstructing an all-inclusive Proto-Luluhyia language. Purposive sampling technique was also used in the selection of subjects from each dialect. The main instrument of data collection in this study was interview. The comparative method was involved in data analysis, especially in the reconstruction of the Proto-Luluhyia language after transcription being done. The study contributes new knowledge in the fields of Sociolinguistics and Historical Linguistics. The study established that the Luluhyia dialects are genealogically related. It was shown through resemblance of cognate forms cutting across the dialects in the vocabulary areas involving naming systems, days of the week, human body parts, domestic animals and historical origin that the Luluhyia dialects are genealogically related. Generally, orthographically, the Luluhyia dialects appear the same to the ears of non-native speakers. However, to a linguist certain variations are noticeable. These variations are though limited and do not entirely cut across the Luluhyia dialects. Reconstruction of the Proto-Luluhyia language was genealogically done based on the current use of the Luluhyia dialects in the vocabulary areas mention above. Phonological similarities of the cognate forms played a key role in the identification of the sounds to be reconstructed and subsequent reconstruction of the lexical items of the Proto-Luluhyia language.
Articulation and phonological impairments in the speech of second language learners in school with cerebral palsy: a case of st martins’ deporre’s primaryschool,primary Kisumu County
(Egerton University, 2018-11) Molenje, Victor Makuto
The study sought to identify and describe the articulation and phonological impairments in the speech of 6-14 year old learners of English as a second language in primary school with cerebral palsy. Further the study also established the linguistic interventions employed by the teachers to assist the learners affected by articulation and phonological impairments as a result of cerebral palsy. Optimality theory was used to account for the impairments through mapping of competence and performance vis- a-vis input and outputs as shown in the speech samples of the respondents. Further, error analysis provided the procedural methodology for analysis of the speech samples obtained from the subjects. Data was collected from 27 subjects who were purposively sampled from the school population. For purposes of understanding the levels of severity, the subjects were put into three cohorts. A qualitative design with a triangulation strategy was adopted whereby data obtained from the subjects using picture naming tasks and focus group discussion from the teachers, was put in tables and later followed with explanations. Analysis of the speech samples collected from the subjects show the presence of the articulation impairments that include omissions, substitutions, distortions and insertions. The phonological impairments were consonant deletion, cluster reduction, syllable reduction, fronting deafrication, and stopping. Further, findings in this study show that core vocabulary and articulation therapy were the linguistic interventions employed by teachers to help remedy the impairments in the subjects. The findings of this study would be of importance and significance to three groups namely: parents, teachers and researchers. This study also offers both clinical and theoretical benefits. Clinically, data is urgently needed to inform the assessment, treatment and therapy for articulation and phonological impairments in second language learners with Cerebral Palsy. Theoretically, investigation of different varieties of English allows testing of hypothesis based on English speakers.
Articulation and Phonological Impairments in the Speech of Second Language Learners in Primary School With Cerebral Palsy: A Case of St Martins Deporre’s Primaryschool, Kisumu County
(Egerton University, 2018-11) Molenje, Victor Makuto
The study sought to identify and describe the articulation and phonological impairments in the speech of 6-14 year old learners of English as a second language in primary school with cerebral palsy. Further the study also established the linguistic interventions employed by the teachers to assist the learners affected by articulation and phonological impairments as a result of cerebral palsy. Optimality theory was used to account for the impairments through mapping of competence and performance vis- a-vis input and outputs as shown in the speech samples of the respondents. Further, error analysis provided the procedural methodology for analysis of the speech samples obtained from the subjects. Data was collected from 27 subjects who were purposively sampled from the school population. For purposes of understanding the levels of severity, the subjects were put into three cohorts. A qualitative design with a triangulation strategy was adopted whereby data obtained from the subjects using picture naming tasks and focus group discussion from the teachers, was put in tables and later followed with explanations. Analysis of the speech samples collected from the subjects show the presence of the articulation impairments that include omissions, substitutions, distortions and insertions. The phonological impairments were consonant deletion, cluster reduction, syllable reduction, fronting deafrication, and stopping. Further, findings in this study show that core vocabulary and articulation therapy were the linguistic interventions employed by teachers to help remedy the impairments in the subjects. The findings of this study would be of importance and significance to three groups namely: parents, teachers and researchers. This study also offers both clinical and theoretical benefits. Clinically, data is urgently needed to inform the assessment, treatment and therapy for articulation and phonological impairments in second language learners with Cerebral Palsy. Theoretically, investigation of different varieties of English allows testing of hypothesis based on English speakers

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