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    Agricultural Land Use and Wetlands Conservation in the Lower Nyando River Basin, Western Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Kareri, R. W.
    The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of agricultural activities on the Nyando river wetlands. It is one of the eleven major sub-basins of Lake Victoria. This is a lowland region about 1135metres above mean sea level. Over the years this region has tended to attract dense human settlement. The main occupation of majority of the people is small-scale agriculture. Other gainful employment opportunities are limited. Consequently, rural poverty embodied in lack of reliable source of income, low levels of agricultural production, unemployment and lack of infrastructural facilities characterize the region. Furthermore, wet seasons are associated with extensive flooding and sub-merged arable land; resulting in massive displacement of people and destruction of property. The dry season introduces increased problems of food and animal feed scarcity. The wetlands in the lowlands provide alternative sources of water for crop irrigation and animal grazing. Thus, these ecosystems are continually being encroached, drained cleared of vegetation and converted into crop farming and grazing areas. The conceptual framework of this study was informed by the political ecology theory. These studies attribute underdevelopment and food insecurity in the poor countries, to their interaction with the dominant development model of the present-day market economy. Hence, land use changes that are influenced by both the government policies and the market forces are discussed and their significance on wetland degradation underlined. Questionnaire, in-depth interviews and personal observations were the main methods of gathering primary data. Secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished public and private documents. Socio-economic data analysis was done using SPSS computer package.
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    Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use and Their Association with Bullying in Secondary Schools A Case of Nakuru District, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Kariuki, M.; Oteyo, J. S.
    For schools to foster learning and promote health-enhancing behaviors among adolescents they must first be safe and drugs free. Unfortunately this is not always the case. Studies carried out during the past two decades show that exposure to bullying can have immediate and late negative outcomes for children and adolescents who are directly or indirectly involved. This study was designed to examine prevalence of Alcohol, Tobacco and other Drugs (ATOD) use by secondary school students in Nakuru District and to measure its association with prevalence to exposure to bullying. Cross sectional survey design was used with a total of 1000 sampled students from a population of 6450. Multistage cluster, probability proportionate to size, purposive, stratified and simple random sampling methods was used to select the divisions, schools, streams and students. The study covered form one to four male and female students. Kenya Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2003 was used to collect data. Data was analyzed by frequencies, Chi-square and logistic regressions. 33.7% of students reported having been bullied in the last 30 days preceding the survey. Of the respondents surveyed, 15.9, 12 and 8% reported use of alcohol, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco in the last 30 days preceding the survey respectively. Cumulatively, 9.6% of students recorded having used other drugs. There was a significant relationship between alcohol and tobacco use with exposure to bullying. However, there was no statistically significant association between the use of other drugs and exposure to bullying. The prevention of ATOD behaviors and bullying among students represents an essential public health measure that may allow for total children’s development, qualifying them for a healthy and safe social coexistence. The researchers recommended that focus on prevention programs against alcohol and drug use in secondary schools in general should be mounted to reduce or eliminate bullying altogether.
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    Analysis of the Division of Labour and Decision-making for Selected Crop Farming Activities among Maasai Agro-pastoralists of Narok North District, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Oywaya-Nkurumwa, A; Kathuri, J. N.; Mwangi, J. G.
    The Maasai have traditionally been pastoralists, but in recent years, they have been forced to diversify their livelihoods due to increasing pressures on pastoralism. Agro-pastoralism is one of the livelihood diversification strategies being adopted, whereby crop farming is being incorporated into pastoralism. The traditional division of labour has been based on a pastoralist economy, and, the cultivation of crops has introduced new activities and decision-making patterns into the Maasai communities. Few studies have been done to investigate how crop farming activities are distributed in the Maasai households and who makes decisions for crop farming activities, specifically in Narok North District. This is the gap that this study sought to fill. The purpose of the study was to find out who carried out the major crop farming activities of land preparation, planting, weeding, harvesting and marketing in the Maasai households and who made decisions about these activities. A cross-sectional survey research design was used, and data collected through personal interviews. The gender based study was carried out in three divisions, among 153 male household heads and 87 female household heads. The data were analysed through the computer based Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found that more female respondents were involved in planting, weeding and harvesting as compared to male respondents while more male respondents were involved in marketing of the crop produce compared to the female respondents. Most of the decisions about the crop farming activities were made by men. The study concluded that the division of labour and decision-making among the Maasai was not very different from that in other agricultural communities, and inequity between men and women was clearly evident. The study recommended that more equitable distribution of labour and decision-making should be done.
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    Analyzing the role of new media in eradicating illiteracy in Kenya
    (2015-12-03) Karanja, Kinyanjui Jackson
    In today’s modern world, the quality of information we acquire immensely determines all our choices and activities that we indulge in including our capacity to enjoy fundamental freedoms and the ability for self-determination and development. Spearheaded by technological developments in information technology and telecommunications, there is a proliferation of media and other information providers through which vast amounts of information and knowledge are accessed and shared by citizens. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers." . In order for these provisions to generate transformative change the critical requirement of information literacy has to be addressed. However, Africa has for many years grappled with the scourge of illiteracy. Political oppression, civil strife, economic exploitation, corruption, poor governance, disease epidemics, and widespread poverty have greatly played part in the low levels of literacy in Africa. This places a significant constraint on effective participation in societal progress and economic growth by most of the region’s rapidly growing population. The advent of new media has seen remarkable strides in the education sector. New Media is increasingly important as a source of information, a forum for deliberation and a channel of unlimited access to knowledge. The following excerpt will look at how new media has broadened the access to information and help alleviate the scourge of illiteracy. The researcher intends to employ the Uses and Gratifications theory that attempts to explain the uses and functions of the media in the society. The study will be based in Nakuru County and will attempt to explain how the society uses new media in its quest for knowledge and information.
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    Antibacterial potency of Pelargonium zonale and Psidium guajava against bacterial wilt of potato under greenhouse condition
    (2024-03) Okeyo, G. O.; Charimbu, M. K.; Nyaanga, J. G; Mendes, T
    Pelargonium zonale and Psidium guajava plant extracts have demonstrated in-vitro antibacterial activity against Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum sp. nov. Nevertheless, their antibacterial effectiveness against this disease has not been examined under greenhouse condition. This study explored the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic leave extracts of P. zonale and P. guajava in management of R. pseudosolanacearum sp. nov. of potatoes under greenhouse condition. The experiment was set in a completely randomized design (CRD) of 2*6 factorial arrangements [2 varieties (Shangi (Highly susceptible) and Sherekea (Moderately resistant) and 6 treatments] with 3 replicates. The treatments comprised; 2 ethanolic leave extracts (P. guajava and P. zonale) at 50 mg/mL, 2 positive controls [ENRICH BM (Bronopol 27%w/w) and KOBE 1.2 SL (Chrysophanol 12g/l)] at commercial rates and 2 negative controls (Untreated control and 1% DMSO). The soil media was inoculated with 10 mL of bacterial suspension adjusted to 600 nm OD (approximately 107 to 108 cfu/mL) per pot. Data was collected on disease incidence, disease severity, plant heights, number of stems, yield (Kgs) and number of bacterial wilt colony counts. The study results revealed that all the treated plants exhibited significantly low disease incidences, low area under disease progress curves (AUDPCs), high number of stems, high stem heights, low bacterial wilt colony counts and high yield (Kgs) compared to negative controls. Potato variety Sherekea exhibited the highest average efficacy from the two plant extracts; 0.14 for disease incidence, 1178.21 for AUDPC, 1.84 for stem height, 2.66 for bacterial wilt colony counts and 0.28 for yield (Kgs) respectively. These results demonstrated the synergistic effect of host plant resistance and/or tolerance and botanicals in management of R. pseudosolanacearum sp. nov. Further research is required to determine the effectiveness and stability of the two extracts against the target pathogen the field to enhance their adoption and commercialization in the management of bacterial wilt pathogen in infested potato production fields.
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    Are Kenyan Smallholder Irish Potato Producers Technically Efficient? Evidence from Nyandarua North District
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Nyagaka, D; Obare, G. A.; Nguyo, W.
    There is a consistent declining trend of Irish potato production in Kenya which challenges the food security status of the country. This paper used data from a random sample of 127 smallholder potato producers from Nyandarua North district to assess technical efficiency in resource use and to identify the underlying determinants of variations in production efficiency. A dual stochastic parametric decomposition technique was used to derive technical efficiency indices while a two-limit Tobit model was used to examine the effects of socio-economic characteristics and institutional factors on the derived technical efficiency indices. Results show that resource use is subject to decreasing returns to scale while the mean technical efficiency is 67 percent. Education, access to extension, access to credit, and membership in a farmers’ association positively and significantly influence technical efficiency. Innovative institutional arrangements that enhance extension and farmer training, accompanied with improved access to credit is likely to enhance potato production efficiency.
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    Benthic Macro-invertebrate Diversity and Biomass Distribution in Relation to Canopy Cover and Organic Matter in River Njoro, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Mathooko, J. M.; M’Erimba, C. M.; Mbaka, J. G.
    Field experiments to quantify benthic macroinvertebrate density, diversity and biomass and benthic organic matter (BOM) content in the River Njoro, Kenya, were conducted between January 2009 and April 2009 at four sites with varying canopy cover intensities: Njoro upstream with more than 90% canopy cover, Tree-tops with more than 60% canopy cover, Mugo with more than 50% canopy cover and Mill House with less than 1% plant cover. The sites were approximately more than one kilometre apart. Ten random samples for macroinvertebrate and benthic organic matter quantification were collected from every site using a Hess sampler during each sampling occasion. In the laboratory, all samples were washed through a series of sieves to separate extraneous materials from animals. Animals were sorted under a dissecting microscope, identified and enumerated. Collected litter was sorted into four categories: leaves, fruits, wood and plant fragments. There were significant positive linear correlations between plant particulate organic matter and macroinvertebrate density (Correlation analysis: r = 0.89, P < 0.05), diversity (r = 0.80, P < 0.05) and biomass (r = 0.79, P < 0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that plant particulate organic matter had a positive effect on the macroinvertebrate density, diversity and biomass. Removal of riparian vegetation from the banks of the River Njoro would alter the quantity of litter inputs to the river with attendant consequences to the energy budget of biocoenoses in the ecosystem.
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    Challenges and achievements in the implementation of MDG for women and girls in the area of education in rural Kenya
    (2015-12-03) Muthiga, Margaret; Parsitau, Damaris
    While governments and other stakeholders try to improve access, equity, quality and relevance in education, only access and equity partly have a small impact. The progress and the role of the MDG in relation to education for women and girls in rural Kenya reveals that their rights and equality in primary education are recognized and close to being achieved but disparities persist, mostly at higher levels of education where there is poor enrollment and hence low completion rate. Maternal mortality and gender violence continue to be a challenge. Factors like cultural, historical, economical and capacity of teachers are critical in addressing quality education. This creates unattainable literacy development to many women and girls. We will try to look at issues affecting women and girls in literacy empowerment and mobility in relation to educational development in our cultural background. We will bring their own voices to show how education policies that results from bad politics have a deep impact on their perception of identity/ self, and this hinders literacy development. The social and outdated cultural structures hinder them from realizing their full potential and leave a deep impact on their quality of education. Women and girls must have equal opportunities for quality education, employment and enjoyable life in the society. Governments and private sectors should work together to provide opportunities for lifelong learning and skills development thus improving literacy development and capability. We believe change is the law of life and goals are not only absolutely necessary to motivates us.
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    Challenges Facing the Beekeeping Industry in Southern Rangelands
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Kagio, S; Musembi, D. K.
    Agro pastoralists and pastoralists in the larger Makueni ,Kibwezi and Kajiado district Kenya live in a fragile and hostile environment. The area is semi-arid with crop farming and livestock keeping as the main activities. The Kamba community is agro pastoralists while the Maasai are mostly pastoralists. Crop farming in this area is difficult as experiences frequent and prolonged drought exposing the local communities to food insecurity, starvation and high poverty indices. Water for domestic and livestock use is a major problem in this region. On the other hand, the pastoralists keep cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys and indigenous chicken. They normally overstock resulting to overgrazing leading to environmental degradation and subsequently, desertification. The livestock keepers have many challenges of maintaining the animals during droughts resulting to nomadic and migration. Still, during prolonged droughts the pastoralists looses a lot of animals and in some cases, whole herds are wiped out leaving them with abject poverty. At such times the sharing of water and grazing grounds are sources of conflict between communities and also between the communities and wildlife. During transhumance it is women, children and the elderly who suffer most as they are left behind to take care of the homesteads. KARI with funding from the European Union is promoting and introducing alternative livelihoods options to the communities living in this region. Beekeeping is one of the alternative livelihood option selected for promotion and introduction in the region. This paper discuses the current status of the beekeeping industry in this region. The data was collected through interviews of 210 key informants and beekeepers through questionnaires on production, processing and marketing of hive products. The sampling was random with ecological and agricultural activities as variables. The marketing questionnaires were also administered in Nairobi as a major destination of Kenyan honey. The data was analyzed using excel spreadsheet using Sesotho results are discussed in this paper.
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    Change in Water Quality Index between Two Points in a Highly Impaired River in Eastern Mau, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Kigen, C.; Shivoga, W. A.; Magana, A. M.
    Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected between two points (Bora Milk and Njoro Bridge) in River Njoro, Kenya and used to evaluate the influence of riparian vegetation on water quality, by using BioMAT water quality index (BWQI). The BWQI was developed from the relationship between the taxa, number of benthic macroinvertebrates and their responses to habitat modification by awarding them sensitivity values. The extent of riparian vegetation within 100m strip of riparian land was analysed using GIS tools. The Bora Milk site had a mean of 33.05 BWQI and was 37.63 in Njoro Bridge which had significantly different (two-tailed paired sample t-test = -4.011, p < 0.05). The extent of riparian vegetation in the studied section was 64.24% at Njoro Bridge and in the upstream of Bora Milk was 30.66% coverage and were significantly different (two-tailed paired sample, t-test = -33.585, p < 0.05). This study indicates that, there is a significant natural cleansing by the riparian vegetation between the two points. With the increasing urbanization, demand for agricultural land and clearing of vegetation, the riparian land will be reduced and or disturbed leading to further water quality deteriorate. Reductions of pollutants load into the river, effective treatment of sewage and maintenance of intact riparian vegetation are needed to control further degradation of water in the river.
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    Characterization of Microbial Health Risk at Water Abstraction Points along River Njoro, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Yillia, P. T; Kreuzinger, N; Mathooko, J. M.; Ndomahina, E. T.
    U.S. based models for recreational water quality were applied to characterize the potential health risk (PHR) of infection with gastroenteritis (GI) and highly credible gastroenteritis (HCGI) illnesses from single exposure at several water abstraction points (WAPs) along the River Njoro in rural Kenya. Ambient geometric mean densities of Escherichia coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE) were generally high (2–4 log units of cfu/100ml) and risk levels were grossly in excess of acceptable health risk (AHR) levels for bathing and drinking. PHR was 2–3 times higher with the Cabelli (IE) model compared to the U.S. EPA (EC) model. Risk levels varied among WAPs in concomitance to the spatial and seasonal variability of ambient EC and IE densities. With the Cabelli (1983) IE model, PHR of HCGI illness on single exposure to the dry weather 95th percentile IE density for bathing was 2.5% of the exposed population at Logoman compared to 5.2% at Turkana Flats, 4.9% at Kenyatta or Nessuit and 4.6%, 4.5% and 4.2% at Treetop, Segotik and Njoro Bridge, respectively. PHR was ≥ 5% on exposure to the wet weather 95th percentile IE density at all WAPs, excepting Treetop with 4.3%. Relative risk levels increased by at least 30 and 70 times for GI and HCGI illnesses, respectively, from drinking (250ml) raw stream water, rising erratically in wet weather by > 80% of the dry weather risk at Logoman, > 30% at Njoro Bridge and Kenyatta and 10–15% at Segotik, Nessuit and Turkana Flats. By stipulating freshwater bathing water quality guidelines of 126 and 33 cfu/100ml for EC and IE, respectively, U.S. EPA upholds maximum AHR levels at 0.7% and 1.9% for EC and IE, respectively. Hence, reducing current PHR levels at the WAPs to the U.S. EPA bathing AHR levels would require at least 2–4 log reductions of IE and EC densities with even further log reductions to achieve the WHO recommended drinking water AHR level of 0.1%. This would necessitate specialized treatment, in particular point-of-use treatment at the household level, as well as the implementation of comprehensive catchment management measures to protect the stream and the WAPs.
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    Characterization of Wetland Values for Sustainable Utilization in Kisii Central District, Kenya
    (2013-01-01) Omweri, O. J; Obwoyere, O.; Moturi, W. N.
    Wetlands cover approximately 4% of Kenyan surface area, but their total area has been declining. There were once abundant wetlands in Kisii Central District but now there are only isolated wetlands remaining. Wetlands are viewed as wastelands or dumpsites having little or no value. Wetland ecosystems play a critical role in supporting livelihoods and contributing to the sustainability of the Kenyan economy. The study surveyed wetland vegetation and characterized their ecological, socio-cultural and economic values for sustainable utilization in Kisii Central District, Kenya. A Multi-stage purposive sampling procedure was used in the research. Stage I: Kisii Central District; highly populated district was chosen, Stage II: Kiogoro, a Division with brick making, water abstraction and farming activities on wetlands. Households interviewed were proportionate to the total households within each sub-location. Households in close proximity to the wetlands were purposely selected through simple systematic random sampling. Vegetation sampling was performed along transects and set up preferentially on a North-South orientation. Analyses of qualitative and quantitative data was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Science. Qualitative data was recoded into numeric data sets for Chi-square and Pearson correlation while Microsoft Excel auto-sum mathematical functions were used to organize the outcome of vegetation sampling. Results from the study indicated that Cyperus latifolius and Typha domingensis had the highest importance value indices and could therefore be considered the dominant wetland vegetation species. All the three sites varied in terms of species composition. Using the Shannon Weiner diversity index, Nyaguta had the highest diversity index of 2.87 as compared to Kegati and Mobamba which had values of 2.44 and 2.39, respectively. Thus socio-cultural values were ranked relatively lower than economic and ecological values. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Kiogoro wetlands could be considered as a source of livelihoods for the local communities. The study recommends the protection of water collection points at the wetland sites to help save wetlands from destruction. The maintenance of wetlands should be recognised and adopted as a water management approach.
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    Contribution of Tourism to Micro- and Small-Enterprise Growth
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Mshenga, P. M.; Richardson, R. B; Njehia, B. K.; Birachi, E. A.
    Tourism is an increasingly important economic sector in many developing countries. In Kenya it represents the second greatest contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) after agriculture. Data from a survey of 449 micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in coastal Kenya were used in a modified Evans Growth Model to examine the contribution of tourism to the growth of farm and non-farm MSEs. We also examine the influence of entrepreneur and business characteristics on the growth of farm and non-farm MSEs along the Kenyan Coast. Age of the business, business income, marital status, number of employees, and form of business organization were found to significantly influence MSE growth. Tourist spending and activities were also found to have a significant effect on the growth of MSEs. The results have implications for the role of tourism in economic development, small business growth and poverty alleviation.
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    Dissemination of Energy Saving Technologies for Improved Rural Livelihood
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Wanjohi, P.
    A firewood stove was developed and promoted in Kenya by the Ministry of Energy, GTZ, private practitioners, home economics branch of the Ministry of Agriculture, maendeleo ya wanawake and ITDG/Practical Action. About 97% of Kenyan households and cottage industries depend mainly on charcoal and firewood. According to MOE, Kenyan energy demand was 35,119,616, while supply was 15,024,510 indicating that 2.3 times was needed in 2002. The PSDA energy component contributes to increased use of firewood energy-saving technologies for energy and environmental conservation. Baseline assessment was done in 6 districts and adoption of stove was found to be 4.8%. Interventions mainly the kisasa/maendeleo with 35-50% efficiency and rocket with 50-70% efficiency were implemented in 12 districts. Intervention approaches were capacity building of community resource persons, production and dissemination of promotion materials using diverse media such as community resource persons, radio, TV, T-shirts, matchboxes, calendars, drama, songs, peer pressure and education. The project works at the grassroots with partners to build capacity and broaden knowledge. Sustainability is in-culcated in the project design whereby all stoves and services are paid for by the beneficiaries and all dealers in the chain gain some profit but competition is encouraged so that consumers get quality products at affordable rates. The first phase was between January 2006 and June 2007. The project surpassed targets by reaching 62,000 households against a target of 45,000 households, leading to extension t up to December 2008. By December 2007 the project reached 83,683 households with stoves. In November 2007 the project had registered more than 7-fold (5% to 38%) increase of stove adoption. Many dealers are now involved in marketing and installation of stoves at local levels, motivated through capacity building and the fee they charge in each installation. Majority were idle youths who now practice stove installation to earn income. The average monthly youth group income was 5,389/=. Firewood household stoves technology dissemination has been repackaged, resulting in 7-fold increase in stove adoption, job creation and women and children health improvement.
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    Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrient Concentrations in Egerton University Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Chepkiyeng, J; Macharia, P.; Oduor, S. O.
    Studies were conducted to investigate changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in three Egerton University wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs). Weekly samplings were done between March and May 2007 and 2008. Significant differences were observed in conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH. Mean dissolved oxygen concentration ranged between 0.0 mg O2 L-1 and 11.0 mg O2 L-1 in 2007, and 0.38 mg O2 L-1 to 20.0 mg O2 L-1 in 2008. Conductivity ranged between 726 and 1810.5 μS/cm, and 931 to 1259 μS/cm in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Significant differences in soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP) nitrate - nitrogen (NO3-N) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) concentrations among the ponds were recorded with highest concentration recorded in Pond 3. This was attributed to the breakdown of organic matter into the dissolved phosphorus form as well as the dissolution of phosphorus from the sludge due to the low oxygen levels at the anaerobic bottom layer in Ponds 1, 3 and 5. The mean total phosphorous values recorded in pond 1 and 5 were 1576 and 1372 μg L-1, in 2007, and 2234.98 and 1358.87 μg L-1 in 2008 respectively while NO3-N values were 39.25 mg L-1 and 201.25 mg L-1, in 2007, 151.81 μg L-1 and 392.88 μg L-1 in 2008 respectively. The removal efficiency of phosphorous was 13.29% and 39.46% in 2007 and 2008 respectively. The lower concentration of nutrients in Pond 5 is attributed to their uptake by algae and other aquatic plants in the ponds. Though distinct conversion between nitrogen compounds and phosphorus occurred and the ponds appear to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the wastewater, the amount of phosphorus in the outlet of pond 5 exceeded the WHO standards for wastewater effluent release into the streams (less than 1.0 mg L-1). To improve the removal efficiency, there is need to construct the artificial wetland.
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    Effect of Bends on the Quality of the Output Signal Generated by CW Laser on Single Mode Optical Fiber
    (Egerton University, 2013-01-01) Gwaro, J.O; Maweu, O. M.; Kirui, M. S. K.
    The effect of bends on the quality of the output signal generated by CW laser on single mode optical fiber was investigated. A single mode optical fiber cable was subjected to macrobends in the order of 5mm, 10mm, 20mm, 30mm, 40mm and 50mm bend radius. An optical signal from a CW laser emitting beams in the range of 800nm-880nm was transmitted through the cable. Transmission percentage and variation in peaks were noted and graphs plotted corresponding to each bend radius. Transmission percentage was found to be in proportional to the size of the bend radius.
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