Faculty of Environment and Resource Development

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Adoption of agroforestry technologies among small scale farmers in Nzoia location, Lugari district, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2012-09) Wafuke, Soita
In rural Kenya, wood remains important for both construction and fuel wood. Since most rural people in high potential areas experience deficit in fuel wood and other wood products, there is need to increase production through employment of on-farm production technologies that ensure sufficient supply. Adoption of Agro forestry technologies in rural Kenya has been promoted by both the government and NGOS in order to achieve wood sufficiency. However the adoption of Agro forestry technologies by small scale farmers has been low leading to persistence of wood fuel deficit. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate social-economic and cultural factors that influence adoption of Agro forestry technologies among small scale farmers. The study employed an ex-post-facto survey design, involving data collection on what already exist and not designed by the researcher. The study was contacted in Nzoia location, Lugari district. A sample of 201 small scale farmers who were selected using stratified proportionate random sampling in the location was used in the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS and to achieve the study objectives, descriptive, correlation and regression analysis were used. The study found out that farm size, sex (gender), land tenure, and farm preparation methods influences adoption of Agro forestry technologies in the study area but traditional believes and taboos do not. It was also found out that most small scale farmers were motivated to adopt these technologies by the many uses of trees and scrubs they plant on their farms. Though farmers’ interaction with the extension staff was low, the adoption rate was significant and so this study recommends that extension services to encourage more small scale farmers adopt these technologies be intensified.
Adoption of social forestry practices in Uasin Gishu District, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2006-02) Mutuku, Heeran Mutua
An assessment of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments, water and common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, 1758) in Lake Naivasha, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2011-08) Mutia, Thecla Munanie
An analysis of hotel rating and its implication on financial turnover of rated hotels in Kenya
(Egerton University, 2014-08) Kiplagat, Wilson Kibet
Hotel service quality has long been a concern for scholars and practitioners. Previous researches indicate that the service quality of hotels in Kenya is yet to match international standards. It has been argued that one reason why hotels do not deliver quality service is due to the substantial gap of the living standards of Kenyans and international tourists and the lack of proper investment in the sector due to fluctuations in growth in the past. With the recent growth in the economy, specifically the tourism sector, there has been renewed urgency by stakeholders to put local hospitality industry at par with other major tourism circuits or countries in the world. This may be attributed to the fact that tourism is identified as one of the key pillars for achieving Vision 2030. The main objective of this study was to examine the financial implications of rating of hotels. The study was conducted in tourism establishments in Nairobi and parts of Rift valley. The scope of the study focused on rated hotels in Kenya. The research design used a sociological survey targeting 50 hotel establishments. The researcher relied on primary and secondary data for information from which an analysis was conducted and conclusions generated. The primary data was collected through face-to-face interviews among tourists and hotel managers using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data from the questionnaires was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Ms Excel, after which it was presented using graphs and pie charts to illustrate the findings for better understanding. The next step was interpretation which entailed generating recommendations and conclusions based on the results or findings on how the hotel rating impacted performance of hotel establishments. Findings from the study pointed out a strong relationship between hotel rating and hotel revenues. This was evidence that for hotels to increase earnings they also needed to improve their ratings. Further to this, rating of establishments eased the decision making of tourists since they would easily differentiate service level of hotels. Overall, it was evident that hotel rating was vital in the hotel business as it aided establishments effectively compete in the market place. Findings from the study will therefore offer an unobtrusive and economic way of examining hotel service quality. In addition, it will also help in understanding the quality service of the star rated hotels perceived by the domestic tourists and financial implication to hotel establishments.
Analysis of the Ecological Performance of Multi- And Single-Taxa Restoration Approaches In the Eastern Mau Forest Reserve, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2024-09) Nekesa, Praxides
Anthropogenic pressure and climate change has spurred a global push for more innovative approaches to restore tropical forests, recognizing their crucial role in combating biodiversity loss. In the Eastern Mau Forest in Kenya both single- and multi-species tree restoration methods have been implemented since 2017; however, understanding of ecological performance and their benefits to forest ecosystem remains limited. A comparative study was conducted to assess tree species diversity and soil properties in Eastern Mau forest of the greater Mau complex, one of the five main water towers in Kenya. The experiment focused on Hagenia abyssinica, Podocarpus gracilior, Juniperus procera, Olea capensis, and Prunus africana. Using Line Intersect sampling, study plots were divided into four 10 m x 10 m quadrats. Soil samples, collected from six points in each quadrat at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, were combined for analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), and available phosphorus (P). A calibrated rode was used to measure individual tree height while diameter at breast height measured by the use of calibrated diameter tapes in the defined six sample plots and the values were recorded in metres. The multi-species stands showed higher species recruitment with an average stand volume of 1.19 m3 compared to single-species stands (0.85 m3). There was also a 60% increase in forest-specialist species recovery. H. abyssinica showed high dominance (> 5 cm DBH), while the DBH of P. gracilior, J. procera, and P. africana were below 5cm. J. procera in single-species stands exhibited straight, tapered, and thick boles, contrasting with the multi-species approach where H. abyssinica and O. capensis displayed (> 5 cm DBH) and P. gracilior showed smaller sizes with higher mortality rates. P. africana experienced moderate mortality (~20% loss). Analysis of soil samples from the two stands revealed significant differences in organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations between single and multi-species approaches (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus among soil profiles (p < 0.05). Additionally, a statistical negative correlation was found between soil organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations (r = 0.759, p = 0.0238), indicating a dependency of nitrogen on soil organic carbon levels across sampled soil depth layers. These findings will inform better forest restoration by highlighting species approach benefits for soil health and biodiversity
Assessing the Potential for Forest Concession as a Plantation Management Tool: Case of Koibatek and Maji-Mazuri Forests, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2023-08) Ochieng’, Samwel M. Osee
Public forests all over the world are managed in different ways. Forest concession policy concerns all matters pertaining to the award and management of forest concession and, therefore, influences the achievement of the goal of sustainable forest management. Even though the Forest Conservation Management Act (2017); which is currently used in the management of public forests in Kenya recognizes management of plantations through a license, concession, contract and joint agreement, no efforts have been attempted on any of these management scenarios. The objective of the study is to evaluate and assess the potentiality of adopting forest concession as a management tool in forest plantations using Koibatek and Maji-Mazuri forests as case study. In particular, the research derived the relationship between the various tree attributes for purposes of volume projection. Systematic sampling method using the plot line method was used. This has given the categorization of timber-based industries that the study area can support. Regression analysis was used in deriving the r values. The study determined the long run sustainable yield based on volume projections and industrial capacities that can qualify for concession. Volumes were determined following the method used by the Kenya Forest Service inventory section for comparability. Due to poor management practices, poaching activities led to lower volumes in high rotations. The long run sustained yields show variations in the volume attribute to difference in the stand attributes, based on area and height. The study concludes that the area-based method of categorization of the number of firms to be supported in the study area is quite higher than when volume-based method is used and therefore the volume-based method is more effective and efficient. Finally, the study recommends that there is a need to pilot concession as a forest management tool to rectify the problems encountered in the current scenario to be able to determine the maximum number of timber-based industries that can be supported by a given forest area.
Assessing the relationship between regulating and provisioning services of Lutembe Bay Wetland, Uganda
(Egerton University, 2016-05) Toko, Moses Butele
Wetlands are among the most valuable natural resources providing a number of ecosystem services (ES) such as food, raw materials, water supply and space for recreation. Since wetlands provide a variety of ecosystem services including providing food and water, many stakeholders rely on this ecosystem for their livelihoods. This reliance and continued use may lead to a decline in ecosystem services provided by these wetlands. Lutembe Bay wetland in Uganda situated on the shores of Lake Victoria is prone to human pressures and unsustainable use of ecosystem services. This study aimed to assess the relationship between regulatory and provisioning services for better management of Lutembe Bay wetland ecosystem. The study was carried out for a period of three (3) months between December 2015 and February 2016. Questionnaire survey and focus group discussion (FGDs) were used to assess the major provisioning services in 1999 (16 years ago) and at present (2015/2016) using indicators of measurements for ES such as number of wetland users engaged in particular activities and respondent’s perceptions on importance levels of provisioning ES. The results showed that the most important provisioning ES at present (2015/2016) were clay mining, sand mining and fishing while in 1999 before the expansion of developments the major provisioning ES were fishing, cultivation of crops and clay mining. The water purification as an ecosystem service was assessed by analysis of water quality changes through measurements of physico-chemical parameters, nutrients and total suspended solids content in water from Nakaga stream as the inlet and Lutembe Bay as the outlet. Water samples were collected four times a month in the inlet and bay of Lutembe Bay wetland for total suspended solids and nutrients analysis using standard methods. The results showed that the wetland had a 50% retention of total suspended solids. However nutrients concentration were higher in the outlet of the wetland indicating no retention. It was shown that there was no significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) in the mean concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and total nitrogen in the inlet and the outlet. However, there was a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) in the mean concentrations of nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus and total suspended solids in the inlet and outlet. The changes in water quality in relation to changes in the major provisioning ES were used to assess relationships between ecosystem services and it was shown that a positive correlation though not significant (r = 0.103; p ˃ 0.01) was observed between the major provisioning ES and Lutembe Bay Wetland purification function. The results of this study are envisaged to avail new knowledge on the relationships between provisioning and regulatory services.
An assessment of climate change coping strategies that influence vegetation distribution within communities in Kaloleni Sub-County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2015-03) Osio, Anne Achieng
Climate change coping strategies play a major role in curbing the effects of climatic shocks especially amongst communities living in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALS. The study revealed that there are various coping mechanisms applied by smallholder farmers in Kaloleni Sub County. These include marrying off daughters in order to get money for food purchase, stealing food from farm, water vending getting women to work outside home against traditions among others. Preferred coping methods include; use of waste water, livestock sales, wood and charcoal trade. In order to cope with change in biodiversity, use of old mosquito nets to protect free ranged chicken from the emergent black Indian crow was used and commercial tree planting adopted. To cope with rainfall variability, use of zai pits, fertility pits and water pan establishment is on the increase. Purposive sampling was employed in the selection of community and stakeholder representatives who participated in Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-depth key informants’ interviews. Arc-Gis v 9.1 and Erdas software were used to analyze Landsat Thematic Mapper ™ imageries of Kaya Forests: Kambe, Bomu and Fungo for years 1991, 2003 and 2011. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained using various methods: descriptive statistics (mean median) inferential statistics (cross tabulations) and correlations. Shifting forward of the start of the rainy season from March to May was the major climatic factor that led to late planting in June. The main coping strategy adopted to curb food insecurity was wood fuel harvesting and charcoal burning for sale. It was recommended that use of alternative source of energy and sale of Aloe and Neem products would be appropriate for livelihood diversification. Food processing plants and food banks to be established within an appropriate buffer zone for accessibility. The research findings herein would help Researchers, small holder farmers, Agriculture and Forest extension providers in decision making with regard to factors influencing the choice of coping strategies on the vagaries of climate change.
Assessment of disposal practices of pharmaceutical waste among households within Nakuru Town, Nakuru County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2018-08) Orina, Clare Nyaboke
Pharmaceuticals are critical in maintaining the health of people and improving the quality of life for millions of Kenyans, but not all pharmaceuticals dispensed are consumed. They become waste when they are no longer usable for intended purpose or are being discarded for other reasons such as contamination and expiration. Improperly disposed pharmaceuticals end up in garbage collection centres and water purification systems which are not sufficiently equipped to manage this form of waste. There is growing public concern over presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients in water and the environment. This pharmaceutical waste also includes antimicrobials which interfere with water treatment process since most depend on biodegradation. Pharmaceuticals have immense effects on non-target organisms, such as medicine resistance in humans, increases in morbidity and mortality of the population due to unintentional poisoning. The main objective of this study was to assess the disposal practices of pharmaceutical waste among households in Nakuru Town. This was achieved through conducting a social survey. Data was then processed and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of 384 households who participated in the study, 35.8% and 14.4% of the respondents indicated that antibiotics and pain killers were the most commonly disposed of pharmaceuticals respectively. In this study the most commonly used method of disposal was flushing in the toilet. Seventy eight percent (78.4%) of the respondents had no knowledge of pharmaceutical waste handling and management, whereas 71.6% were aware of the risks associated with storing unwanted pharmaceuticals in the house. Eighty percent (80%) have never received any information on how to dispose unwanted pharmaceuticals. Fifty five percent (55%) of the respondents were willing to participate in take-back programs as the most feasible and safe disposal strategy that can be used to manage pharmaceutical waste. However, over 80/% of them expressed their scepticism on implementation of the mail-back programs since it is expensive and neither practical nor feasible under the prevailing economic conditions and governance structure. In conclusion, there are a lot of unwanted pharmaceuticals among households and the public has no knowledge on how to manage them hence they end up using unsafe methods which can pollute the environment. Sensitization of the public on the dangers of poor disposal of pharmaceuticals and provision of collection points for proper disposal are recommended.
An assessment of efficiency of heavy metals removal by a constructed wetland at Egerton University, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2016-11) Mwanyika, Fortinat Terewe
An assessment of the efficiency of heavy metals removal by a constructed wetland system atEgerton University, Kenya, was conducted between August 2013 and January 2014. The aim ofthe study was to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of wastewater and investigateheavy metals retention in the wetland. Water samples were collected monthly in plastic bottles atthe inlet, along the wetland, and at the outlet; sediment samples were collected from the gravelbed and the three wetland cells using a core sampler. Whole plants were randomly collected andpooled together to form composite samples for each species in every site. In every sampling occasion; temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of water samples were measured in situ. In the laboratory the samples were processed and the concentrations of metals; lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Minitab software was used to determine spatial variations of heavy metals concentrations and physico-chemical characteristics of water using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Further, correlation analyses were performed to establish relationships between the physico-chemical parameters and the retention of metals in the wetland. The study results showed significant variations in temperature and conductivity across the wetland (p < 0.05). On the contrary, there was no significant difference in DO across the wetland. Influent levels for lead, copper and zinc were 1.25 ± 0.75 mg/L, 1.09 ± 0.49 mg/L and 0.15 ± 0.11 mg/L respectively while the level of these metals in the effluent were 0.07 ± 0.07 mg/L and 0.32 ± 0.11 mg/L for lead and copper, respectively with zinc being below detection limit. Removal efficiencies of 94%, 70% and 100% for lead, copper and zinc respectively were observed. There was a significant negative correlation between zinc in sediment and pH in water (r = - 0.55), and a moderate positive correlation between copper in plants and pH in water (r = 0.47). These findings indicate that the constructed wetland is efficient in removing heavy metals from the wastewater. The study recommends that the wetland should be rehabilitated to enhance and sustain its function of removing heavy metals from wastewater in order to safeguard human and environmental health.
Assessment of environmental risk factors exposed to children below five years of age in Naivasha day care centres
(Egerton University, 2015-08) Kitheka, Anna Ndinda
Increase in maternal employment over the past 25 years has led to an increase in reliance on child care for young children from birth to 5 years of age. Non parental child care is now the norm for young children on a regular basis, with at least 44% of infants in child day care for more than 30 hours a week. Economic deprivation has led mothers especially in low income residential areas in Naivasha to return to work soon after delivery and since they do not have enough money to hire house helps they leave their children in substandard day care centres whose facilities may not be conducive for health. This move has raised questions on the environmental health risks associated with the care of the children. The broad objective of this study was to identify potential environmental risk factors exposed to children within day-care centres in Naivasha Municipality Kenya. The study entailed a cross sectional survey that comprised of 300 children in 10 day care centres. All the children’s anthropometric measurements were taken. Ten children who had been in the day care for more than 2 months were randomly picked from each day care centre making a total of 100 children. Their mothers gave data about their socioeconomic status and the children’s health status while childcare providers in the day care centres gave data on the daycares operation and activities. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and observation schedule. Secondary data from medical reports and demographic health surveys was used to obtain the prevalence of environmental related diseases among children under five in Naivasha area. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation. Results indicated that 50% of the daycares had an average of 20 children crowded in one room contrary to required standards. 80% of the sampled daycares did not have adequate lighting and ventilation of at least 50 lux of light at each floor level. 50% of the daycares managed their wastes appropriately. 90% used mobile phone for communication; none had a fire extinguisher and First Aid kit. 90% of the day care playgrounds had rubbish, sharp objects, and holes in the play area, 80% had animal and human waste, and 30% had water puddles, while 70% were on the road side and accessible to the driveway. Most (60%) of the children were reported to have had diarrhoea, 59% upper respiratory diseases, 5% malaria and 6% Ringworm. There was a significant correlation between the number of environmental risks in the daycare and the number of diseases experienced by the children. The daycares did not fully comply to required standards, diarrhoea was positively correlated to presence of soap and bowl for washing hands. There are no specific regulations to guide those who want to set up daycare centres. The state should provide laws and regulations to govern day care facilities.
Assessment of gender roles and environmental impacts of oil crop production in Lare, Nakuru,
(Egerton University, 2015-04) Nyakwara, Agnes Zilpher
The oil crops sector had been identified as one of the entry points in the execution of the food reliance and a vehicle for poverty reduction by government of Kenya (MoA, 2008). As a result many studies and development projects aimed at promoting soybean and sunflower in Kenya have been undertaken since the 1990s. While a lot of studies have been based on low adoption of these crops, challenges like gender roles, access to and control of the farmland remain undocumented. To address this gap, this study focused on gender roles and the related potential environmental effects during oil crop production by small holder farmers, in Lare Division, Nakuru County, Kenya. The importance of disaggregating gender roles, access to information by gender and awareness of environmental and gender policies were analyzed. The research adopted an ex-post facto survey research approach. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample size of 180 small holder farmers from 330 households within the study area. Data collection instruments included questionnaires for primary, focus group discussions and secondary data were also reviewed. The results indicated that the activities and production of oil crop was a gender crop. Male farmers owned land and accessed information through trainings but were not involved in all activities of soybean and sunflower production. Gender roles adhere to traditional and cultural codes on pesticide application, it was done by male farmers with no protective gears despite having been trained on safe practices. The study established that 58% female and 13% male farmers were aware not of environmental and gender policies. The study concludes that there was exposure to pesticide within the households and water bodies by contamination which interfered with biodiversity and habitat. No female farmers were aware of any policies though 35% of the males were aware. This slow of awareness is likely to lead to poor practices that are likely to increase environmental risks. The study recommends that there is need to promote policies, programmes and projects that improve both men and women's access to and control over productive resources, inputs and services equally at grassroots’ levels. There is a need to study the changes in the gender roles in agriculture in order to understand the cultural setup in different area. The understanding of such changes goes a long way in enhancing better projects planning and implementations.
An assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of agrochemicals use in the flower farm industry, Naivasha, Kenya.
(Egerton University, 2014-10) Kahiu, Dorothy Kagweria
Intensive agriculture and cut flower farming which are characterized by heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers have been on the increase in developing countries. A number of consequences are associated with heavy use of pesticides; however weak enforcement of laws and regulations suggests that their use will continue. There is a high possibility that Flower Farm Workers (FFW‟s) lack knowledge in handling, storage and use of pesticides in flower farms leading to increased incidences of pesticide poisoning. This study therefore aimed at; assessing the level of knowledge and awareness of pesticide use among FFW‟s; evaluating practices in pesticide handling, storage and use among FFW‟s and finally; examining attitudes and perceptions towards pesticide use among FFW‟s in Lake Naivasha Basin (LNB).The research design used was a cross sectional survey and the sampling frame comprised the population of Naivasha Division, a total of 180,012. Of these 780 FFW‟s were interviewed by random sampling. Data was collected using a detailed questionnaire. Additional information was generated from scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Data entry and analysis was done using Statistical Programme for Social Scientist (SPSS) version 17. Results indicate that 48.7% of the FFW‟s have undergone training on handling and use of pesticides. A total of 77.6% of the respondents were aware of the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment. Knowledge about the effects of agro-chemicals among FFW‟s is relatively high and varies from one flower farm to another depending on the level of training. A cross-tabulation between the level of education and use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE‟s) by FFW‟s showed that most respondents (86.8%) who have been through formal education reportedly used PPE‟s. Correlation between training on handling of pesticides and use of PPE‟s was positive and statistically significant (p=0.001, r=0.365), suggesting that increased awareness translates to proper practices in the use of pesticides.. Most of the FFW‟s feel that the owners of the flower farm use hazardous chemicals which increase yields but without due consideration to their health. Arising from these findings the following recommendations are made. Immediate measures must be taken to acquaint and train the FFW‟s on proper handling and management of agro-chemicals. In addition, timely and appropriate enforcement of the law is needed to ensure farming activities within LNB are conducted in a environmentally sustainable manner.
Assessment of land degradation in the river Loboi watershed of Baringo County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2015-09) Gwako, Alice Bitengo
Increased human population pressure and climate change constitute the global underlying root causes of accelerated and devastating land degradation processes in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). River Loboi watershed, located at the lower part of the Lake Baringo Catchment, is not an exception. The area is characterized by severe soil degradation that has resulted in excessive vegetation deterioration. This study set to assess the land degradation menace in the river Loboi watershed with specific objectives of determining the vegetation cover and composition, investigating the physiochemical condition of the soil as well as assessing the socio-economic status of the inhabitants. The study undertook a socio-ecological cross-sectional survey of some selected biophysical and socio-economic indicators of land degradation. Tools for data collection included structured questionnaire, observation schedules, laboratory analysis and oral histories. The measured variables were analysed using frequencies, crosstabulations, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. Except for correlation analysis, all the analyses were done at α =0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that the whole watershed is has undergone both soil and vegetation degradation. The locals are not able to curb this problem primarily due to lack of appropriate knowledge and financial constraints. The vegetation cover is 59.6% and the watershed has transformed from the typical ‘savannah’ onto a shrubland. This vegetation change has negatively impacted on the soil condition and as a result signs of massive gully erosion are enormous. In addition, the soils are of low fertility. In general, 87.5% of the watershed is highly degraded with the remaining 12.5% moderately degraded. The middle section (Simotwe location) is the most affected part (‘hotspot’) in the watershed. It recorded the least soil organic matter level of 1.3% and least vegetation cover of 51.4%. These results demonstrate the urgency of developing and establishing more effective and scientific ways to curb and monitor land degradation processes in the watershed.
Assessment of local governance structures, attitudes and perceptions influencing management of the mangrove ecosystem in Vanga, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2017-05) Omondi, Marlyn Achieng’
Mangroves throughout the world are a critical ecosystem facing numerous threats. In Kenya, losses of mangroves in the last two decades have been estimated to be at 20%. Continued destruction could result in more than 70% of mangrove cover loss in the next 50 years thus affecting biodiversity and livelihoods of many coastal communities. Overexploitation and conversion pressure are the main causes of loss and degradation. Incentive based mechanisms such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) could significantly increase local community participation in mangrove conservation. Two important questions concerning the likely applicability of incentive based schemes to a given site are: what is the capacity of the local governance structures to manage these programs and what are the views of the local community regarding the state of the ecosystem? This study investigated the local governance structures that exist to support conservation and management of the mangrove ecosystem. Using Vanga mangrove ecosystem as a case study, the study further investigated attitudes and perceptions of local communities towards the status and condition of mangroves forests in their area. The data was collected through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and participant observation. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, correlations, cross-tabulation, text analysis and data triangulation. The Forest Guard was recognized as the key decision maker in local mangrove governance by 78% of respondents while co-management by the Community Forest Association was only recognized by 32%. Poor monitoring strategies and lack of adequate community consultation were identified as major factors that led to continued destruction of the resource. More than half (62 %) of the respondents perceived the Vanga mangrove ecosystem as degraded to some extent; whereas 86% would be willing to participate in their conservation if incentives were provided. Local decision making on how to share benefits accrued was a significant motivation factor for participation in conservation as this allows for community priorities to be taken into consideration. It is highly likely that the attitude of the community towards the incentive based initiatives would be influenced by the perceived long-term benefits of conserving the mangrove ecosystem for carbon credits against the opportunity cost of short-term benefits of exploitation. Providing opportunities for community monitoring through creation of by-laws and local sanctions would promote better community support. Community training on incentive based schemes is necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the concept and thus foster long term community support in conservation.
Assessment of population status of hinde’s babbler (turdoides hindei) in relation to its habitat in Meru national park, Ngaya forest and the adjacent agricultural landscape, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2016-12) Onyancha, Fredrick Mackinnon
Populations of avian species continue to decline worldwide due to the various types of habitat degradation. This is the case with Hinde’s Babbler which is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List with isolated populations confined to some parts of central and eastern Kenya. The purpose of this study was to asses and compare its current population status in MNP, Ngaya Forest Reserve and agricultural landscapes. This survey was conducted between June and December, 2015 covering dry and wet season. Data was collected at points along predetermined transects where playback of Hinde’s Babbler was used to elicit response of Hinde’s Babbler groups. A cumulative transect length of 19km was surveyed in the three landscapes where quadrats of 20 x20m were set at constant intervals. At each point of detection, total number of adults, offsprings, disturbances, threats and vegetation attributes were recorded. Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, mean, frequencies and Spearman Rank Test were used to analyze data. The results indicated a mean group size of 4.7 at Ngaya Forest Reserve, 4.6 in MNP and 3.4 at the AS during dry season. These resulted in a population estimate of 127 individuals (Ngaya), 91 individuals (MNP) and 98 individuals (AL). During wet season the mean group size in Ngaya Forest Reserve was 5.2, 3.9 in MNP and 4.0 in AS. This resulted in population estimate of 84 individuals at Ngaya Forest, 123 in MNP and 38 individuals at AS. There was no significant statistical difference between group density during dry and wet sampling season (W = 241.5, P =0.08). In terms of relationship with habitat, only shrub cover was positively correlated with mean group size of Hinde’s Babbler in both seasons (dry, rs = 0.70, P=0.01; wet, rs = 0.80, P=0.02). The other variables of tree, herbaceous and grass cover (rs = -0.57, P= 0.03; rs = -0.83, P = 0.00, rs = - 0.54, P = 0.04) were negatively correlated during the dry season while no correlation was established between mean group size with bare and with crop cover. During the wet season, only tree cover was negatively correlated with mean group size. In terms of disturbance and threats to Hinde’s Babbler, only vegetation trampling in MNP was correlated with mean group size during the wet season (rs = - 0.26, P =0.03). These results imply that continuous monitoring of these three landscape and habitat is necessary to keep track of trends in population and the impact of disturbance on the conservation of the Hinde’s Babbler. The results are crucial in underscoring the importance of protected, partially protected and agricultural landscape as well as habitat structure and condition in the conservation of threatened avifauna population.
Assessment of socio-economic and biophysical environmental factors affecting the adoption of zero grazing technology in Samia sub-county Kenya
(Egerton University, 2014-11) Musimbi, Evelia Dorothy
Adoption of a technology varies from place to place. According to the Rogers Diffusion Theory, most technologies are adopted by farmers if they are perceived to have returns. It is from this view point that this research assessed the role of socioeconomic and environmental factors in the diffusion of the zero grazing (ZG) technology in Samia Sub-County, Kenya. A survey, using a questionnaire and observations was conducted in Lower and Upper Samia. The study employed strata sampling, that is in the Lower Samia and the Upper Samia due to the differences in agroecological zones. Additionally, purposive sampling was employed to select households to be surveyed. A sample size of 200 households was selected using the coefficient of variation formula. Descriptive statistics and Regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Statistical significance was assessed at α=0.05 levels. Results indicated that, socioeconomic factors had no significant effect on adoption of zero grazing (P>0.05).However, environmental factors such as water supply, fodder crops and access to open grazing fields had significant influence on adoption of zero grazing (P<0.000). Further, there was significant difference in adoption of the zero-grazing technology among the locations with more adopters in Upper Samia than Lower Samia (p<0.05). The study findings indicated that the farmers in the study area were not knowledgeable about the technology with 63.5 % having limited knowledge on zero grazing. In conclusion, the research found that adoption of zero grazing was influenced by level of knowledge, water supply, availability of fodder feeds and open grazing fields. Thus there is need for extension agents in the study area to carry out regular farm visits, field days, trainings and demonstrations, in order to make the farming community aware of the technology and to alleviate the perception farmers have towards the technology. Policies on livestock extension should be reviewed by the government to ensure that farmers receive the necessary services.
Assessment of solid waste management practices in Bor town, south Sudan
(Egerton University, 2017-04) Garang, John Manyok
In South Sudan like in many other developing countries, one to two thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected. There is a great problem in the household’ management of solid wastes in the rapid growing town of Bor in South Sudan. This study sought to generate information on solid waste handling practices, which could provide appropriate data that can be used to come up with strategies for managing solid waste. The research focussed on 384 respondents in Bor Town in order to assess the types and sources of solid waste generated, determine knowledge levels, practices and attitudes of people toward solid waste management (SWM) as well as factors and challenges faced in SWM in Bor town. The research instruments were pilot tested to determine the reliability of the instrument in Juba town, Central Equatoria State. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used to analyse the data. This study found that the major types of solid wastes generated in Bor town include plastic (41%), organic waste (29%) and papers (15%) which were obtained from places of residence, commercial, agricultural fields, institutions and construction sites. Open dumping (62.4) and burning (34.7%) were the most popular method of solid waste disposal. This study recommends that since some of the solid waste generated can be recycled (metals, glass, plastic), efforts should be made to link up with agencies dealing with waste recycling. The government/municipal council should launch a widespread awareness campaign to deal with the negative perceptions and low knowledge of the community toward solid waste disposal methods. Government efforts to build more waste disposal sites in the study area should be supported and necessary budget allocated and also to ensure to improve road infrastructure in the area to support easier waste disposal.
An assessment of the contribution of Faecal disposal practices on the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in Isiolo County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2018-05) Okullo, Joab Odhiambo
The basic needs of people such as safe drinking water, improved hygiene and sanitation must be fulfilled for a dignified life of human beings. However, this has not been the case in Isiolo County where there is rampant practice of open defecation and reliance on unprotected water sources for drinking purposes, with little or no regard to adequate drinking water treatment handling and storage. This study sought to establish the contribution of faecal disposal practices among residents on bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in the County. In a cross-sectional survey of 150 households, data on faecal disposal and water handling practices was obtained through questionnaires, observation and key informant interviews. In addition, water samples from both source and household stored water were subjected to bacteriological analysis using the Membrane Filtration Technique (MFT). The data was then analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at α = 0.05 level of significance. According to the findings, the water sources sampled recorded high levels of contamination with bacterial pathogens. Results indicated mean counts of 7.9, 2.1, 5.3, and 6.4 (x 103CFU/100ml) from water source and 5.8, 1.6, 3.6 and 3.8 (x 103 CFU/100ml) from household stored water samples for Faecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Total coliform respectively with contamination levels falling below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended standards. Sanitary risk analysis around these water sources revealed low levels of hygiene and poor source protection in 78% of the water sources, making them prone to faecal contamination. At the household level, 43% of the households surveyed did not have access to latrine facility, promoting un-healthy behaviour such as open defecation, burying and paper bag disposal of faecal matter among households. From the study findings, it was concluded that poor faecal disposal practices and low levels of hygiene among households could be linked to poor bacteriological quality of drinking water. There is need to increase households access and use of latrines. In addition, it is necessary to instil safe drinking water treatment and handling practices especially at point of use. This will help minimise the negative health impacts associated with consumption of faecal contaminated water at households
Assessment of the occurrence of viable helminthes ova in faecal sludge and pit desludging practices in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2018-12) Maingi, Jayson Masila
The use of pit latrines, their eventual fill up and need to desludge them expose humans and the environment to diseases associated with untreated excreta. Based on this, a study was done in Nakuru County to assess prescence of viable parasitic helminthes ova in faecal sludge and pit desludging and disposal practices used. Thirty five pit latrines were sampled and the prescence of parasitic helminthes ova determined at varius pit depths. Pit desludging and disposal practices was also analysed from a sample of 28 practitioners to determine their health safety level. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences in the occurrence of via ble helminthes ova in relation to pit depth. Where significant differences were found, Post Hoc tests (fisher‟s exact and Tukey) were done to establish the exact depths at which the significant differences occurred. Descriptive statistics were used to describe desludging practices in relation to occupational health challenges amongst those involved and in relation to environmental and public health. Results indicate that among the 128 samples collected, 23% (n=30) were found to bear viable helminthes ova. The ova identified belonged to seven species of helminthes, ie; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma haematobium, schistosoma mansoni, Taenia sp, Enterobius vermicularies and Necator americanus. A significant difference in the occurrence of total viable helminthes ova versus pit latrine depth was established. This meant that some depths had higher concentration of helminthes ova than others. A significant difference in the occurrence of viable Ascaris ova versus pit depth was also established meaning that some depths were higher in the concentration of Ascaris ova than others. Ascaris was the most dominant and persistent helminthes parasite in pit latrine faecal sludge suggesting that pit latrine sludge was still infective upon exposure to exhausters and the public. The fact that faecal sludge mixes up during desludging implies that there is a possibility of exposure from all the different species of helminthic parasites identified regardless of the depth from which one is emptying from. Proper handling, disposal and occupational safety by those desludging pit latrines should be ensured to prevent infections from the various hazards identified.

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