Faculty of Environment and Resource Development

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Analysis of effects of human encroachment on Kiborgoch Wetland and its ecosystem services
(Egerton University, 2025-10) Glarion Isiaho
Kiborgoch Wetland is an ecologically and socio-economically important ecosystem in Kenya, but faces increasing pressures from human-induced activities. Dominant macrophyte species include Cyperus papyrus, Vachellia reficiens, Indigofera spinosa, and Cyperus alopecuroides. In Marigat region, the most members of the local communities obtain their livelihoods from Kiborgoch Wetland resulting in overuse. The wetland degradation drivers such as uncontrolled grazing in dry and wet seasons, unclear land tenure, rapid population growth capitalizes by climate change and poor implementation of policies that protect wetlands have intensified unsustainable activities, including water abstraction, excessive harvesting of wetland vegetation, and agricultural expansion. The objective of this research study was to assessed the extent, drivers, and impacts of wetland encroachment from 1994 to 2024. The study utilized a mixed-methods research design combining macrophytes assessments, Geographic Information System analyses together with social surveys to evaluate spatial-temporal changes, ecological conditions, and socio-economic implicationsThe Southern section of the wetland showed the highest form of diversity for both Shannon Diversity Index and Simpson’s Diversity Index, with an overall index of 0.81 for the entire wetland. This showed that the wetland is relatively diverse. Fabaceae and Cyperaceae were the most dominant macrophyte families in the wetland, with 36 plants species identified from 18 families. Drivers of degradation were also analyzed with overgrazing being the largest contributor together with encroachment as a result of agricultural expansion. Population growth, reduced river discharge and climate variability were also identified as drivers of Kiborgoch Wetland degradation. This work is important as it gives a spot light to conservation strategies that combine indigenous knowledge with scientific methods. It also emphasizes the need for sustainable land policies that would encourage the protection of ASAL wetland and enhancement of community involvement that would improve the resilience of Kiborgoch Wetland.
Effect of mixing ratios of superabsorbent polymer and pumice on clay soil properties and crop productivity
(Egerton University, 2025-10) Fridah Mukami Muriithi
Water scarcity and poor soil conditions pose substantial challenges to agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), such as Mogotio Sub-County in Kenya. Specifically, the complex problems exhibited in the clay soils that are the most common in such areas. These soils hold water firmly in fine particles, reducing the water availability to plants. They waterlog during rainy seasons, and are compacted after a rainfall event. This makes the conditions unfavourable to crop growth more so the crops that are highly sensitive to water like the bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). In this regard, superabsorbent materials show potential in enhancing soil hydraulic properties and moisture availability. However, the best application of such amendments in clay soils is not well documented. The study was conducted to determine the effect of various mixing ratios of a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and pumice on soil moisture dynamics using the growth of bell pepper, and to identify the optimum mixing ratio to promote agricultural water management in clay soils. The research utilized a completely randomized design that included treatment combinations of SAP at levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15 kg/ha and pumice at levels of 0, 6250, 12500, and 18750 kg/ha. All treatment combinations were replicated. The data was collected for one cropping season and analysed using analysis of variance in John’s Macintosh Program Pro 17. It consisted soil physical properties (porosity, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, moisture retention, and available water) and plant performance (growth parameters, number and weight of fruits). The amendment mixing ratios were found to have a significant effect on soil hydraulic properties. The 15 kg/ha SAP and 6250 kg/ha pumice treatment had the highest porosity (60.18%), the lowest bulk density (1.03 g/cm³), reduced available water, and a 53% increase in yield over the control. However, high concentrations of amendments lowered hydraulic conductivity which could be attributed to pore clogging. The optimal soil conditions were characterized by a balanced enhancement of both water retention and aeration. Physical optimization identified the best amendment rate as 15 kg/ha SAP and 6250 kg/ha pumice. The combinations of various mixing ratios of SAP and pumice have the potential to enhance soil water retention, reduce compaction, and boost bell pepper yield in clay soils in some ASALs. However, disproportionate amendment levels may restrict water movement or root respiration.
Influence of water governance and socio-cultural factors on women’s participation in water management decisions and conflict resolution in Rwanda and Kenya.
(Egerton University, 2025) Mureithi Zipporah Nyokabi
Conflicts over water resources have profound implications for women who utilize water resources to meet domestic and productive needs. The critical contribution of women to the management of these water conflicts is overlooked and underappreciated. This dual role as primary water users and the under recognition of their peace efforts underscores their vulnerability to the impacts of water conflicts and highlights the importance of understanding their roles in conflict resolution processes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of water governance and socio-cultural factors on women’s participation in water management decisions and conflict resolution in Rwanda and Kenya. Tuyiteho Mukunguli Water Users Association (TMWUA) in Rwanda and Nyando Water Resource Users Association (NWRUA) in Kenya were used as case studies. Specific objectives were to assess the efficacy Integrated Water Resources Management Framework (IWRM) in enhancing women’s participation in water resource conflict resolution, determine the impacts of socio-cultural factors on women’s participation in decision making and conflict resolution processes and evaluate the effectiveness of water regulations in Rwanda and Kenya in promoting women’s participation in water governance. Using a cross-sectional research design, 244 women respondents from TMWUA and 140 from NWRUA were selected through proportionate stratified sampling. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Chi-square. Study findings reveal that application of IWRM framework has been effective in enhancing women’s participation in water resource conflict resolution. The success rate of water conflict resolution in TMWUA was 80.86% while in NWRUA it was 51.52%. Despite minimal perceived influence of socio-cultural factors on decision making, disparities in women's inclusion in water governance, data dissemination, stakeholder engagement, and pollution management exist between the two countries, with TMWUA in the positive lead. There are still a mixture of challenges and successes that reduced the effectiveness of institutional and legal water policy frameworks. The major challenges were insufficient funding, poor committee leadership, members’ intra conflicts and lack of transparency and accountability. The study recommends that there is need for strengthening the capacity of water associations to effectively manage conflicts and promote women’s participation in decision making through sustained funding, regular trainings and transparent leadership. Results from this study will benefit policy makers, watershed planners and governments in designing gender inclusive policies and programs.
Foliar selenium influence on agronomic performance, grain quality and water use efficiency of common bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris l.) under water stress conditions
(Egerton University, 2025) Victoria Livingstone Gamba
Water scarcity is a critical global issue, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where agricultural productivity heavily depends on irrigation. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a vital legume for food and nutrition security, is highly sensitive to water deficits. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar selenium (Se) application on the growth, yield and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of common beans under Deficit Irrigation (DI). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Egerton University using Surface Drip Irrigation (SDI). Treatments involved three irrigation levels (100%, 70% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) combined with four selenium concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L), arranged in a factorial design with three replications. Selenium applications were done 23 days after sowing and during vegetative, flowering, pod formation stages. The growth parameters (plant height, leaf number, branches and leaf area index), yield components (pod length, pods per plant, seed number and yield), were monitored across various growth stages and after harvesting. The results demonstrated full irrigation 100% ETc with 1.5 mg/L Se application resulted in highest vegetative growth parameters and yield parameters while moderate water stress (70% ETc) combined with 1.5 mg/L Se application significantly enhanced growth and yield of common beans and improved WUE. The highest selenium accumulation in the grains (0.445 mg/Kg) was observed at 50% ETc together with application of 1.5 mg/L Se concentration, exceeding the daily consumption allowable limit. This implied that plants under water stress absorbed and retained more selenium compared to those under full irrigation. For optimal yield and WUE, the study indicated 70% ETc irrigation level combined with 1.5 mg/L of foliar selenium concentration with the optimum yield (10348.1 Kg/Ha) while maintaining a high WUE (0.357 Kg/m³) as compared to the control (100 ETc with no selenium). This confirms the potential of integrating deficit irrigation with foliar Se application to optimize water use while improving bean productivity and nutritional quality. Notably, foliar Se enhanced the plants’ physiological tolerance to water stress, particularly during flowering and pod formation. Therefore, Se application can help improve drought resilience, enhances physiological performance and supports sustainable agricultural limited water availability, contributing to SDG 2 (End hunger, achieve food security and improved sustainable agriculture), as well as ensuring safe food production under SDG 3.
Assessment of Efficiency of Finlays Saosa Constructed Wetland for Treating Tea Extract Wastewater in Kericho, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025) Nyarige Erakiel Moraa
The release of partially treated tea extract wastewater poses serious environmental risks due to high pollutant loads, necessitating sustainable treatment solutions, such as constructed wetlands. Additionally, there is no published data on the operational efficacy of Finlays Saosa constructed wetland. Therefore, this study assessed the efficiency of Finlays Saosa constructed wetland for treating tea extract wastewater in Kericho, Kenya, from November 2024 to March 2025. Water samples were collected twice a month from seven sampling points and analyzed in the laboratory at the Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University. American Public Health Association (APHA, 2017) Standard Procedures was used to analyze BOD, COD, NH₄⁺, TSS, tannin, TN, TP, SRP, NO₃⁻, and NO₂⁻, while parameters like pH, EC, DO, and water temperature were measured in situ using a calibrated multi-meter model HQ 40D (HACH). Above-ground biomass of macrophytes was determined by the harvest method, while nutrient allocation in the ground sample was estimated calorimetrically after acid digestion. Data was processed using IBM SPSS software version 28 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007, subjected to a normality test using the Shapiro test and homogeneity of variance using the Levene Test. ANOVA showed significant variation in physical, chemical, and nutrient parameters (p<0.05) except for DO. Additionally, Tukey’s HSD post hoc test differentiated between the groups of means across the sampling location. A t-test compared the mean loadings and concentrations in the inlet and outlet of the constructed wetland. On the other hand, descriptive statistics presented data about the physical, chemical, nutrient parameters, above-ground biomass, nutrient removal, vegetation cover, and removal efficiency. Pontederia cordata achieved the highest above-ground biomass (8986.01 ± 2.21 g/m²) and nitrogen removal rate (62.9 g/m²), while Colocasia esculenta recorded the highest phosphorus removal rate of 17.49 g/m². Canna indica had the lowest above-ground biomass (2592.13 ± 4.28 g/m²) and phosphorus uptake (4.15 g/m²), while Phragmites mauritianus recorded the lowest nitrogen uptake (5.75 g/m²). The constructed wetland showed a high removal efficiency for most pollutants with over 90% removal rate. TSS, TP and BOD5 met the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) set standards. However, effluent concentrations of COD and TN did not meet NEMA set standards. The findings will provide practical insights for tea factories in improving their wastewater management and guide wetland designers in selecting efficient macrophytes for nutrient removal, thereby enhancing the operation and maintenance of the constructed wetland.
Impact of wetland conversion to cropland on soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in Yala Wetland, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025-10) Mukiibi Jackson
Climate change is one of the major global concerns, with scientific evidence linking it to the rising emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere. Wetlands provide an optimum natural environment for mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. Converting wetlands to cropland is well known to reduce soil carbon storage and increase emissions of GHGs. However, there is limited data on how different wetland plants and conversion of wetlands to cropland influence carbon and GHG fluxes. This study aimed to fill the gap in understanding how different wetland plant communities and land conversion affect carbon and nitrogen fluxes. This study was conducted during a dry season i.e. from December 2024 to March 2025 in Kadenge and Usonga sections of Yala wetland. The sampling design was stratified and included four sampling sites that is, wetland areas converted to sugarcane and those dominated by Cyperus alopecuroides, Typha latifolia, and Cyperus papyrus. Each site had three sub-sampling sites (replicates), each with three chambers to cater for spatial heterogeneity. Sampling of gases was carried out twice a month using the closed static chamber method. The gas samples were analysed using the SRI GHG gas chromatograph. Soil samples were collected during each sampling session and analysed for NO3-N, NH4-N, soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. The Kruskal–Walli’s test was used to examine the differences in the medians of SOC and GHGs under the different wetland plant dominance and cropland. The results showed that SOC was significantly lower in areas converted to sugarcane (1.73%) than areas dominated by either Cyperus alopecuroides (2.98 %), Typha latifolia (3.50%) or Cyperus papyrus (3.09 %) (adj. p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the proportion of SOC among the plant communities (adj. p > 0.05). Both CO2 and N2O did not show significant differences in their emissions among the sites (adj p > 0.05). Significantly higher CH4 emissions were observed in Cyperus alopecuroides (27.19 mg m− 2 h−1) compared to Cyperus papyrus (0.09 mg m− 2 h−1) and sugarcane areas (0.31 mg m− 2 h−1). In this study, conversion of a wetland area to a sugarcane farm significantly reduced the SOC but had no significant effect on GHG emissions except for CH4 which was significantly higher in Cyperus alopecuroides. Therefore, this necessitates sustainable use of wetlands to minimize SOC loss and consequently GHG emissions.
Stakeholders’ perceptions on the influence of environmental policy adopted on economic performance of small and medium sized manufacturing enterprises in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025-02) Kakai,Lindah Fatuma
I would like to express my profound gratitude to the individuals and organizations whose unwavering support and contributions played a crucial role in the completion of this research Thesis. Firstly, I am entirely grateful to God for guiding me when I felt stuck. Secondly, sincere thanks go to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for their financial support through the DAAD In-Country Scholarship, enabling me to pursue a Master of Research and Public Studies (MRPP) degree at Egerton University. This funding not only facilitated the execution of the research but also underscored the significance of the study. Thirdly, heartfelt appreciation is extended to my supervisors: Prof. Mark Okere, Prof. Anthony Sang, and Dr. Grace Ndeke for their unwavering enthusiasm, constant encouragement, support, inspiration, and guidance throughout the entire research process. Fourthly, my sincere appreciation goes to the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) for granting me the permit to collect the necessary data for this research. Lastly, I am grateful to all the individuals who participated in my study during the data collection process; your invaluable contributions have significantly advanced our understanding of the influence of environmental policy adoption on the economic performance of manufacturing SMEs. Your willingness to be part of this endeavor is greatly appreciated. I sincerely appreciate each one of you for being an integral part of this rewarding expedition. Your contributions have played a vital role in the success of this research, and for that, I extend my gratitude to each of you.
Assessment of Anguillid Eels’ Bio-Ecology and Ecological Status in Athi-Galana-Sabaki and Ramisi Rivers
(Egerton University, 2025) Kariuki Catherine Wanjiru
The conservation of anguillid eels in Kenya’s Athi-Galana-Sabaki (AGS) and Ramisi Rivers is crucial due to their ecological and economic significance and the increasing threats from habitat degradation. This study aimed to: analyse the population structure of anguillid eels, explore their ecological niches, and determine the ecological risks they face in these rivers. Fieldwork was conducted over 12 months, during which 393 eels were sampled using fyke nets. Population health was assessed through length-weight relationships and condition factors, while ecological niche dynamics were determined via stomach content analysis and habitat characterization. Bayesian models were applied to evaluate current and future ecological risks. The results revealed differences in population structure and ecological dynamics between the rivers. The Ramisi River supported a larger eel population (mean density 1.1 individuals/net/day) than the AGS River (0.8 individuals/net/day). Anguilla bengalensis was the most abundant species (65%), and yellow eels in the AGS River exhibited a higher mean length (48.9±13.7 cm) compared to those in the Ramisi River (34.4±12.4 cm). Silver eels also demonstrated greater lengths in the AGS River (88.0±2.3 cm) than in the Ramisi River (66.8±8.4 cm). Ecological niche analysis revealed the utilization of nine dietary items, with the highest dietary overlap observed between A. bengalensis and A. bicolor (Schoener’s index: 0.82). Anthropogenic activities, including water abstraction and riparian encroachment, were more pronounced in the AGS River, leading to greater habitat degradation (habitat integrity score of 56.6% compared to 92.3% in the Ramisi River). Risk analysis identified the yellow eel stage as the most vulnerable under future scenarios, underscoring the need for proactive conservation. This study concludes that anguillid eels in Kenya’s East-flowing rivers recruit across diverse size classes and habitats but face significant threats from human activities. It recommends urgent habitat restoration, regulation of water extraction, and community-driven conservation initiatives to safeguard these ecologically and economically vital species.
Willingness to pay for Ecosystem Services in Conserving Kapingazi Catchment in Embu County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025) Burnice Karimi Ireri
Ecosystems provide a wide range of ecosystem services such as food supply, soil erosion control, and carbon sequestration which are important for human survival. Kapingazi catchment is home to a variety of ecosystem services mainly water provision to downstream users. Kapingazi River flowing from this catchment contributes to the Tana River, which supports several national hydroelectric power stations that generate 52.1% of Kenya's electricity. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures such as agricultural and industrial activities are threatening the catchment. These factors are affecting the water quality and flow in the Kapingazi River, since local inhabitants are currently lacking financial incentives to engage in conservation efforts. In order to ensure water provision for downstream users and maintain ecological balance, there is urgent need for Kapingazi catchment to be managed sustainably. The research aimed to assess the status of ecosystem services in the Kapingazi catchment, identify catchment users, examine perceived human activities affecting water provision, and determine respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for these services in order to explore the potential of implementing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes to encourage conservation and sustainable management practices. The study used cross-sectional research design and data was collected from households, focus group discussions, and key informants using questionnaires, interview schedules, and field observations. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 by applying descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results showed that water is the main ecosystem service (98%) in the Kapingazi catchment and farmers were the main catchment users (40.4%). Logistic regression results revealed that poor agricultural practices had significant impact on both changes in water quality (p = 0.002) and water quantity (p = 0.036) while industrial activities, tea factories (p = 0.014) and coffee factories (p = 0.013) had significant impact on changes in water quantity at 95% confidence level. The study revealed that 67% of respondents were willing to pay for improved water services and age (p = 0.005), education (p =0.025), and household size (p = 0.05) were the factors that influenced the WTP for improved water services. There is need for soil and water conservation in Kapingazi catchment and positive WTP supports policy development for payment for ecosystem services (PES) programmes. These results aim to encourage stakeholder engagement, promote sustainable practices and guide policy decisions in order to ensure ecological resilience of the Kapingazi catchment through payment for ecosystem services (PES).
Influence of socio-economic factors and water handling practices on the microbial water quality in Kitwe District, Zambia
(Egerton University, 2025) Ng'andwe, Sarah
An assessment of socioeconomic factors influencing the Adoption of cenchrus ciliaris for environmental conservation Among agro-pastoralist communities in South Baringo, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025) Nyambari, Davis Mathew
Land degradation is a major issue of environmental concern not only affecting food but also environmental security in many countries across the globe. Livestock production is important for communities in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALS), but overstocking and overgrazing has over the years led to a decline in pasture production, and by extension food security. In response to soil erosion, deforestation, and Prosopis juli/‘Zora invasion in the Lake Baringo Landscape, the Global Environment Facility through the Small Grants Program supported communities in establishment of Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass), a grass species that has been adopted by some local communities led by local Community Based Organizations. Its establishment and adoption in relation to socioeconomic characteristics of the communities in ASALs has so far not been documented. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess its ecology, and socioeconomic factors inﬂuencing its adoption for environmental conservation three wards (llchamus, Mochongoi and Marigat) of Baringo South Sub- County. A cross- sectional survey was employed in this study and data was collected from 103 randomly selected households using a semi-structured questionnaire. Key infonnant interviews (Klls) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were also conducted to collect qualitative data to get more insights into the socioeconomic factors inﬂuencing the adoption of Cenchrus ciliaris. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze this data. Key ﬁndings reveal a strong relation between socioeconomic factors, speciﬁcally gender and education; and the adoption of Cenchrus ciliaris, with male respondents being predominant (54.4O%). Higher education level was associated with improved awareness and pasture production and environmental conservation (X2 = 16.9344, p < 0.05), while there was a strong association between the type of pasture grass species planted and the stakeholders involved in providing training (X2 = 153.65; p<0.05). A section of the respondents (29%) stated that integrating Cenchrus ciliaris into pasture management systems provides dual beneﬁts of enhancing environmental sustainability and boosting economic productivity. The ﬁndings of this study show that despite several challenges, there are multifaceted beneﬁts of integrating Cenchrus ciliaris into pasture management systems which goes beyond enhancing livestock nutrition and productivity to include environmental conservation and economic stability.
Water supply and demand situation among households and institutions in Nakuru municipality, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2012) Mathendu Sammy
The quantity and quality of water allocated and used by households and institutions is an zportant aspect of water supply which inﬂuences hygiene and the social wellbeing of humanity. ‘Rater contributes to economic growth and is regarded as a fundamental human right under a zrrnber of international treaties and conventions. This underscores the need for a proper Llocation of water resources. In 1985, it was estimated that 25 % of the urban population in iew eloping countries lacked access to safe water. In Nakuru Municipality, it is estimated that the rzrent level of water supply is about 48%, which is below the national average of 60%. The rrcumstances behind this problem are not clear and needed further investigation. The broad objective of this study was to investigate the water supply and demand situation within Nakuru Mimicipality. The study was done in three estates namely; Milimani, Shabab and Kaptembwo which represent different income levels. Water use in schools, health centers and hotels and restaurants within the Municipality was also assessed. The research employed social survey techniques. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from different sectors of zhe population within the study area. Primary data was collected using oral interviews, questionnaires, key informants, and observations. Stratiﬁed random sampling techniques were applied in collecting data from households, schools and health centers in the study area. Data analysis was done using the computer based Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study established that 88% of all households and institutions in the Municipality rely on water zrom the Municipal Council with“ 12% using vended or water ﬁ'om communal water kiosks and individual tube wells. Household size and education level were found to directly inﬂuence the amount of water needed by households. However, income (t=0.966; p=0.335) and occupation :t=0.722; p=0.471) levels did not have a signiﬁcant effect on the amount of water used. The ﬁndings further showed that 75% of the residents in the Municipality use less than the average amount of water suggested by the World Health Organization (50 litres per day). The results also showed that 22% of the households used between 9 and 14 litres of water daily while 15% used between 14 and 27 litres. Only 25% of the respondents mostly from Milimani used more than 27 litres of water per day. The study concluded that the amount of water available for distribution falls short of demand and hence the need for new water sources.
Perception by Communities on Socio-Economic Impacts of Hyena Predation on Livestock around Lake Nakuru National Park and Soysambu Conservancy, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2021-11) Chepngeno, Christine Koskey
Human-wildlife conﬂicts may arise when expanding human populations and activities overlap or compete for spaces and resources with wildlife, or when growing wildlife populations encroach on those of human populations. The effects of human-wildlife conﬂict include livestock predation, harassment, property damage, habitat loss due to human activities, and interpersonal conﬂict over wildlife issues resulting in injuries or mortalities. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is among animals involved in livestock predation for many reasons, including; their abundance, gregariousness, camivorous nature, and wide-ranging behaviour. This study focused on understanding the co-existence between people and wildlife for better livelihoods and conservation outcomes through improved knowledge on human-wildlife interactions and conﬂicts Within a human-wildlife dominated landscape. The study adopted a survey research design. Purposive sampling was employed in data collection. Data was collected using a structured interview schedule, and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), targeting different segments of the community. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (charts, tables and graphs) and inferential statistics. The ﬁndings from the study were that 40% of the respondents indicated that poor park fencing is the major cause of conﬂict and people’s perceptions towards hyena conservation was positive. Conservation of hyena depended on the demographic characteristics of the respondents, education, age, occupation, and ethnicity. There is a signiﬁcance relationship between hyena conservation with education (chi square 44.961, p=0.000), occupation (chi square 77.473, p=0.000) and ethnicity (chi square 45.171, p=0.00l) of the respondents. Conservation of hyena leverage on education, occupation, and ethnicity of the local community. On the other hand, conservation of hyena corresponding to gender (chi square, 2.140, p=O.343), age (chi square 12.294, p= 0.422) and religion (chi square, 0.743, p=0.994) are not signiﬁcant therefore conservation of hyena is not inﬂuenced by on gender, age nor religion in villages around Lake Nakuru National Park and Soysambu Conservancy. The respondents proposed that reinforcement of an electric fence and frequent monitoring of the faulty areas will help in reducing hyaenas attacks. These results contribute towards understanding of human-hyena conﬂicts and spatial dynamics for enhanced coexistence between wildlife and local communities through improved decision making on mitigation measures. The information emanating from this study provides a basis for policy formulation on wildlife conservation and management in both protected and non-protected areas. vi
Determinants Of Adoption Of Renewable Energy Technologies Among Rural Households In Njoro Sub-County Nakuru, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2022-10) Njoroge, Martin Kimani
Comparison of the Concentration of some Mineral Elements in the Natural Salt-Licks Utilized by Elephants in Mt. Elgon National Park
(Egerton University, 2004-10) Sitienei, A. J.
Effects of Perceived Climate Variability On Provisioning
(Egerton University, 2021-11) Rabera, Maoncha Merculine
Effects pf Grazing Management on Forage Production and Rangeland Condition in Il Ngwesi Group Ranch of Laikipia North District, Kenya
(Egerton university, 2011-10) Mohamed, Shibia Guyo
Evaluating the Hydraulic Performance of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland System in Effluent Polishing
(Egerton university, 2011-06) Wangeci, Caroline Maina
Factors Affecting Maize Production in Nyando Division, Nyando District, Kenya
(Egerton university, 2003) Onyanyo, Henry Otieno
Forest Resources Utilization and Conflicts in Kapolet Forest, Cherangani Hills, Kenya
(Egerton university, 2014-04) Kanyongi, Brian Rotich

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