Faculty of Arts of Social Sciences

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    ROLE OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN MITIGATING GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN KURIA EAST AND WEST SUB COUNTIES, MIGORI COUNTY, KENYA
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) OGWENYA, AWUOR SHARON
    Gender based violence persists as a global problem, affecting men, women and children disproportionately. It deters optimal participation in social, political, and economic projects within the community, and impedes sustainable community development. The importance of community participation in resolving its internal problems has been underscored by the increased shift in the involvement of community level actors and institutions in the mitigation and management of GBV. Despite government policies and interventions to mitigate GBV, it continues to be reported. This study sought to assess the role of community-based organizations in mitigating gender-based violence in Kuria East and West Sub Counties. Specifically, the study sought to determine the nature of GBV, examine the capacity of CBOs in mitigating GBV, determine the contributions of CBOs in mitigating GBV, and analyze the constraints facing CBOs in mitigating GBV in Kuria East and West Sub Counties. The study was grounded on the theory of conflict, social network theory and theory of constraints, and employed a mixed method research design. Stratified sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 165 respondents from a target population of 282, whilst purposive sampling was adopted to draw participants for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study established that physical violence, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, economic abuse and female genital mutilation are the most common forms of GBV in the study area. The study also established that CBOs have adequate capacity in terms of staffing and expertise to mitigate GBV, and that the contributions of CBOs extend to educational programs and awareness creation and comprehensive support services to survivors. Further, the study established that cultural barriers are the key impediments to mitigation of GBV. The study concludes that patriarchy and deep-rooted social norms continually fuel violence, and that capacity building of skills and expertise is integral if CBOs are to effectively mitigate GBV. Further, the study concludes that whereas CBOs efforts in mitigating GBV are recognizable, a conducive cultural environment needs to be created. Considering these findings, the study recommends partnerships between various actors to create a coordinated response system for GBV, and establishment of well-defined roles and a coordinated community response system to ensure comprehensive support for GBV survivors. Further, the study recommends training of CBO staff and relevant government officials on cultural approaches to GBV interventions to ensure culturally sensitive approaches. Finally, the study recommends the review and strengthening of existing laws and policies on GBV to ensure the survivors are well protected.
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    A MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INTERLANGUAGE OF KISWAHILI SPEAKING LEARNERS OF ENGLISH IN MALINDI TOWN, KILIFI COUNTY
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-10) OYIENGO, SELINAH NEBOKHI
    This morphosyntactic study analyses the Interlanguage of Kiswahili speaking learners of English at secondary school level. Recent studies in the Coastal region of Kenya have revealed that Kiswahili plays the role of first language or fluent second language for most of the population in this region. Learners in Malindi Town of Kilifi County have continually registered poor results in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination English examination. Research in Second Language Acquisition has shown that some of the errors the learners make can reveal the Second Language processing procedures the learners have acquired and the strategies they use to navigate in the target language. The general objective of this study was to analyze the non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms in the interlanguage of the learners in order to determine the strategies they used to navigate in English. Guided by Processability Theory as proposed by Manfred Pienemann (1998, 2005) and the theory of Interlanguage by Selinker (1972), the study also identified the second language processing procedures the learners had acquired. The data was collected using a grammatical task covering a variety of grammatical concepts appropriate for the learners. Students’ essays written independently of this study were also analysed. Data was collected from six secondary schools. The population sample consisted of 173 students who were randomly selected from forms one, two, and three. The data collected was qualitatively analysed for non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in line with the theoretical framework of this study. The non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in the sentences of the learners revealed deviations in word order, negation, interrogatives, tenses, auxiliaries, clause linkage, word derivations, and inflections. These non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms came about as a result of strategies such as communication and learning, overgeneralization, transfer of training, and language transfer which the learners employed to navigate English. The research also revealed that learners used strategies of communication such as paraphrase (approximation, word coinage, circumlocution) and repetition more than language transfer, overgeneralization, and transfer of training. It is hoped that the outcome of this research contributes to the field of knowledge with regard to Second Language Acquisition and benefits teachers, teacher-trainers, and curriculum developers as they endeavor to help students develop high levels of proficiency in English.
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    EFFECTS OF ARMED ETHNIC CONFLICTS ON SECURITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN MALAKAL TOWN, UPPER NILE STATE, SOUTH SUDAN
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-09) DENG,ATAK DIING PETER
    This study explores how armed ethnic wars affect the development and security management in Malakal Town in the Upper Nile State in South Sudan where inter-ethnic violence has been constant as far back as independence in 2011. It is based on the desire to fill the gaps in the local conflict research, which aims to establish the cause of conflicts, their consequences, and possible security measures. The study takes an explanatory research design guided by the relative deprivation and social control theories. The surveys were done with 105 household heads chosen through stratified random sampling in Dinka, Shilluk, and Nuer communities with a response rate of 74.3. The analysis of in-depth interviews and questionnaires was conducted using SPSS where descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results have shown ethnic rivalries (38.2%), political wrangles (30.3%), and a land conflict (19.7%) to be the major reasons which resulted because of poverty (94.8%), poor governance (92.3%), arms proliferation (96.1%), and unequal distribution of resources (97.5%). These have resulted in loss of farmlands (93.6%), food insecurity (100%), loss of income (97.5%), loss of livelihood (94.9%), and flight of investors (98.7%). Such security efforts as community policing and emergency responses have a partial success (74.4% approval) but are limited by the destruction of infrastructure and resource drainage. The study summarizes that the instability in the region is perpetuated by poor governance and ethnicism at the expense of development. It suggests the inter-ethnic dialogue, reform of the security sector, disarmament initiatives and equal-resource policies as the means of ensuring sustainable peace and socio-economic recovery.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING IN MARABA LOCATION, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-10)
    Despite household decision making being a critical input in household socio-economic development, it seems to be taken for granted in most situations. This study sought to examine factors influencing household decision making in Maraba location, Nandi County, Kenya. Most households in the study area seemed to lag behind and score poorly in terms of their social and economic conditions despite having the necessary resources to propel them into better development indicators. The specific objectives of the study were to examine social factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, to analyze cultural factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, and to establish economic factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location. The study was guided by the rational choice theory by Verbeok (2010). The target population of the study was all households in Maraba Location. A sample size of 174 households participated in the study. The unit of analysis were the household heads. Purposive and simple random sampling was employed. Data was collected by use of an interview schedule and in-depth interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis were employed. Socially, it was found that despite 86% of the respondents having attained basic education, formal education was not significant in selecting one as the household head (117, 67.2%). Age, at 107(61.5%) and sex at (157, 90.2%) were significant in decision making. Most of the decisions were by the married (153, 87.9%) and majority (80%) were Christians. Cultural beliefs (154, 88.5%), expectations about men and women (141, 79.9%), traditions and customs (29, 74.1%) affected decision making. Gender of the household head (156, 89.7%) and responsibility were vested in men (170, 98.2%). Male dominated decisions on ownership of property like land (116, 66.7%), livestock farming (115, 66.1%) and leadership (123, 70.7%). Women dominated decisions on kitchen (125, 71.8%) and care of girls (72, 38%). Economically, majority (144, 82.8%) of the respondents engaged in informal employment and earned below K.Sh.10,000 per month (111= 64%). The income was not enough (131=75%). Ownership of assets influenced decision making (132, 75%). It was concluded that social and cultural factors were significant in determining one being a household head, decision-making process, and types of decisions taken. The study recommended for a more inclusive and effective decision making. There was need to promote cultural practices that enhanced socio-economic development of households and refute those that were retrogressive.
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    GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE IN CUSTOMARY MARRIAGE CEREMONIES AMONG THE BUKUSU OF BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) NALIANYA,NEKESA FANGLINE
    his study sought to fill a gap in existing scholarship by examining gender-specific language use within Bukusu customary marriage ceremonies, particularly in light of the persistent issues of gender biases and stereotypes embedded in language. While numerous studies have examined gender and language in general contexts, limited attention has been given to how these dynamics unfold within culturally rich, ritualized settings such as Bukusu marriage ceremonies. Some of the cultural practices like Bukusu customary marriages more often than not perpetuate gender differences in language. The specific objectives were; to establish gender differences in language use in customary marriage ceremonies among the Bukusu of Kimilili sub-county, to determine the factors contributing to gender differences in language use in customary marriage ceremonies among the Bukusu of Kimilili sub-county and to evaluate the effects of gender differences in language use on social interactions in customary marriage ceremonies among the Bukusu of Kimilili sub-county. The study was informed by Ruth Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). DHA helped demonstrate how gendered language use is shaped by historical, cultural and social contexts. It also revealed how language practices reflect and reinforce traditional gender roles and power dynamics within these ceremonies. The study targeted members of the Bukusu community in Kimilili sub-county who had participated in customary marriage ceremonies. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 participants, including individuals involved in four different marriage ceremonies across key ritual stages. The qualitative research design was used where qualitative techniques were employed in the collection of data; interviews, observation, focus group and video recording. Obtained data was transcribed to provide data for analysis. Discourse analysis (DA) and DHA were used to analyze data. The results were presented through textual descriptions and narratives, complemented by visual representations such as tables. The results revealed gender differences in language use in phonological articulation, vocabulary, grammar, conversational styles and non-verbal communication. These differences are influenced by societal norms and traditional gender roles that dictate men’s use of authoritative speech and women’s nurturing language. The findings of the study may be used by policymakers, educators and community leaders to develop strategies that promote inclusive and gender-sensitive language. The media and public communicators can use the findings to promote non-discriminatory language in public discourse.
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    INFLUENCE OF PRIVATE SECURITY GUARDS' WORK-RELATED FACTORS ON THEIR SECURITY SERVICES PROVISION IN EMBAKASI SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) SIGORE, MENG’ANYI AMOSI.
    Private security guards play a fundamental role in security provision, supplementing police services in residential areas, industries, and government and private establishments. Despite their importance, the literature indicates that inadequate training, poor management practices, and insufficient welfare programs undermine their effectiveness. This study investigated the factors affecting private security guards’ security services provision in Embakasi SubCounty, Kenya, focusing on working conditions, training, and staff development programs. Anchored in the Two-Factor Theory, the study employed a survey research design, utilizing cluster and convenience sampling to select 291 respondents from a target population of 1,200. Data collection methods included questionnaires and key informant interviews, with analysis incorporating both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that security companies often fail to provide guards with the necessary equipment (55%), and inferential analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between equipment possession and service quality (χ² = 4.82, p = 0.028). Management practices were found to negatively affect security services delivery (58%), with t-test results showing a significant difference in service quality based on guards’ perceptions of management impact (t = -2.15, p = 0.032). Regarding training, 65% of respondents lacked formal security training, relying instead on on-the-job learning (52%). Inferential statistics revealed a statistically significant association between basic security training and service quality (χ² = 6.82, p = 0.009), as well as professional development programs (χ² = 6.25, p = 0.012) and equipment handling training (χ² = 5.25, p = 0.022). In terms of staff development programs, the study found that most security companies lacked loan schemes (63%), social welfare programs (72%), and education support for guards’ children (87%). However, the revised inferential analysis revealed statistically significant associations between social welfare programs (χ² = 4.52, p = 0.034) and education bursaries (χ² = 5.21, p = 0.023) and service quality. The study recommends that security companies prioritize equipment provision, standardized training frameworks, and welfare initiatives such as healthcare and education support. These findings underscore the importance of addressing working conditions, training, and welfare to enhance security services delivery while highlighting the need for policy reforms to institutionalize professional development programs.
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    A HISTORY OF KAPSOWAR MISSION HOSPITAL ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY KENYA, 1934-2020
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2023-04) KIPTOO, NELSON
    Despite the significant role that Kapsowar Mission Hospital has in the health centre and especially in Elgeyo Marakwet and modernizing the area, little is known about its history. It is in this regard that this study examined the history of Kapsowar Mission Hospital and its outreach medical mission in Marakwet district. This was done through documenting the history of the institution since its inception in 1934. The study also focused on how the missionaries managed to win the hearts of Marakwet people who were deeply rooted in their traditional ways of treating the sick, especially by the use of herbs and made them embrace the modern health care. The main objective of this study was to examine the history of Kapsowar Mission Hospital from 1934 to 2020. The study applied Structural Functionalism Theory by Herbert Spencer. While Structural Functionalism sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Hebert Spencer saw similarities between society and the human body; he argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning. The theory showed how different institutions in Marakwet district worked closely towards uniting the people and hence developing the area, more specifically the missionaries and the locals. To achieve this, historical research design was used to evaluate and analyse data that was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data for this study was sought from the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi and Nakuru. This was complemented by data gathered through oral interviews with relevant informants living in Marakwet district. The informants were identified through purposive sampling. The informants who were be picked, comprised of residents who had information pertaining the history of the mission hospital, area administrators, doctors and nurses employed in the facility were also be included in the study. Secondary data was sought from the internet, Egerton University Library, British Institute of East Africa in Nairobi, the University of Nairobi Library, Macmillan Library in Nairobi and Kenya National Library Services. Three analytical frames were used to analyse the collected data. These included theoretical reflection, documentary review and content analysis. This analysis of the history of Kapsowar Mission Hospital as one of the missionary legacies in Marakwet district thus contributed to the body of knowledge as it added to written works on medical history in Kenya. The major finding of the study was that Kapsowar mission hospital was the reason for the growth of the town. This finding was important to policy makers in the health sector and urban developers at the county level.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING IN MARABA LOCATION, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
    (EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-05) CHEPTOO, MARY
    Despite household decision making being a critical input in household socio-economic development, it seems to be taken for granted in most situations. This study sought to examine factors influencing household decision making in Maraba location, Nandi County, Kenya. Most households in the study area seemed to lag behind and score poorly in terms of their social and economic conditions despite having the necessary resources to propel them into better development indicators. The specific objectives of the study were to examine social factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, to analyze cultural factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, and to establish economic factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location. The study was guided by the rational choice theory by Verbeok (2010). The target population of the study was all households in Maraba Location. A sample size of 174 households participated in the study. The unit of analysis were the household heads. Purposive and simple random sampling was employed. Data was collected by use of an interview schedule and in-depth interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis were employed. Socially, it was found that despite 86% of the respondents having attained basic education, formal education was not significant in selecting one as the household head (117, 67.2%). Age, at 107(61.5%) and sex at (157, 90.2%) were significant in decision making. Most of the decisions were by the married (153, 87.9%) and majority (80%) were Christians. Cultural beliefs (154, 88.5%), expectations about men and women (141, 79.9%), traditions and customs (29, 74.1%) affected decision making. Gender of the household head (156, 89.7%) and responsibility were vested in men (170, 98.2%). Male dominated decisions on ownership of property like land (116, 66.7%), livestock farming (115, 66.1%) and leadership (123, 70.7%). Women dominated decisions on kitchen (125, 71.8%) and care of girls (72, 38%). Economically, majority (144, 82.8%) of the respondents engaged in informal employment and earned below K.Sh.10,000 per month (111= 64%). The income was not enough (131=75%). Ownership of assets influenced decision making (132, 75%). It was concluded that social and cultural factors were significant in determining one being a household head, decision-making process, and types of decisions taken. The study recommended for a more inclusive and effective decision making. There was need to promote cultural practices that enhanced socio-economic development of households and refute those that were retrogressive.
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    Christian perspective on the use of cosmetics: the case of Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2025-10) Joy Nkatha Gichuru
    The use of cosmetic products for beautification has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. In Christianity, there is a debate about whether using cosmetics aligns with Christian faith and practice. This study set to assess the Christian views regarding the use of cosmetics for beautification in Njoro sub-County in Nakuru County. The study specifically determined the Christian understanding of the biblical teachings concerning the use of cosmetic products, it also examined the traditions of various Christian denominations on the use of cosmetic products and lastly it established the controversy regarding the use of cosmetics by Christians in Njoro sub-County, Nakuru County. It examined the conservative, moderate and liberal Christian views on the use of cosmetic in Njoro sub-County. The target population comprised of Christians from various denominations in the sub-County. Njoro sub-County was picked because of its diversity in terms of the Christian faith comprising the main stream churches, African independent churches, and new religious movements. The study was informed by the Conservative Theory of religion by Paul O’Callaghan and the Liberalism Theory of religion as explained by George Sinclair and Guas Gerald. The study adopted the Cross-sectional Qualitative research design. The research participants included the clergy and members from various churches. A sample of 150 respondents were purposively selected to represent views of the above study population. In-depth oral interviews, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and observation methods were used to collect data. The raw data was cleaned by leaving out information irrelevant to the study. Codes were developed by systematically making line-by-line analysis then highlighting key aspects related to study objectives. The analysis of data was from a comparative approach. The responses were grouped into dominant themes where the perspectives of the conservative, moderate and liberal Christians regarding the use of cosmetics were compared. The findings of this research indicated various standpoint towards the use of cosmetics with some Christians denouncing while others supporting its use and others strive to find a balance between the use and non-use of cosmetics. These differing views were facilitated by different biblical interpretations, church doctrines, cultural norms and historical practices related to cosmetic use. These diverse perspectives further highlight the challenges Christians face in reconciling personal expression with faith-based values, underscoring the importance of open discussions within congregations. This study will add to the knowledge regarding the use of cosmetics within Christian denominations and how to deal with issues that may arise regarding its use rises with its usage.
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    Evaluating access and use of library information resources among students at rift valley national polytechnic, Nakuru County, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2025-10) Ng’ang’a,Jessica Nyawira
    Academic libraries play a critical role in supporting teaching, learning, and research within higher education. With the increasing prevalence of digital technologies, libraries now provide both physical and digital resources, including e-journals, databases, and e-books. However, students often make limited use of these resources. This gap between availability and actual use highlights the need to understand what influences students’ engagement with library materials. Without such understanding, libraries may struggle to fully support academic success. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate access to and use of library information resources for academic success among students at Rift Valley National Polytechnic (RVNP) .The specific objectives of the study were: establish the availability of information resources at Rift Valley National Polytechnic library to meet students' information needs, examine the access and utilization of library information resources among students at Rift Valley National Polytechnic Library to fulfill their information needs and to analyze Library users’ experiences and satisfaction with the information resources at Rift Valley National Polytechnic in meeting their academic information needs. The research employed the Expectation Confirmation Theory and adopted a mixed-methods approach. The study population comprised 2025 RVNP students, from which a stratified random sample of 206 students was selected, along with one librarian for an interview. Data collection involved student questionnaires and a face-to-face interview with the librarian. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS with descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis. The results indicate that print information sources remain the primary information resource in TVET libraries, with limited availability of electronic resources. The study recommends increased investment in electronic resources and digital infrastructure to remain relevant in today's technologically driven environment.
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    Multimodal discourse analysis of JK live talk show on Citizen TV in Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2025) Timothy Nyongesa Wamalwa
    With technological advancement, multimodal texts have become common. Talk shows exemplify this trend, as their content and communicative purposes are shaped by the sociocultural contexts from which they emerge. This study examined Citizen TV’s JK Live talk show as a multimodal text, based on the premise that social semiotic resources are integral to discourse composition. While previous research has examined talk shows through conversation analysis, genre analysis or audience reception, few studies have analysed TV talk shows as multimodal texts and there is limited research specifically investigating how verbal, non-verbal and visual modes interact in JK Live talk show to construct meaning. The study aimed to explore the modes and their actions in the show, examine their interactions and interrelationships and evaluate the meanings drawn by the modes. The study was anchored on two analytical approaches that are essential in understanding social interactions: Multimodal Discourse Analysis and Frame Analysis. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design with qualitative data collection methods. Four purposively selected episodes were downloaded from Citizen TV’s YouTube channel. Observation and focus group discussions were employed as data collection instruments. The findings of this study led to the conclusion that participants’ interactions influenced modal interactions, which in turn shaped how meanings were constructed in the show. The meanings that emerged from the interaction of the modes contributed to the understanding of JK Live talk show as a social event. This study thus provides insights for academics, media practitioners, educators and the general public in relation to understanding multimodal communication.
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    Effects of Conflict in Human Security Management in Lire Payam of Kajo Keji County, South Sudan
    (Egerton University, 2025) Edema Evance Kenyi Lubajo
    Conflicts in most parts of Africa have resulted in the killing and displacement of people who end up in camps or government institutions for purposes of protection. The conflicts in South Sudan have negatively affected the welfare of its people, who have moved from their homes for fear of being killed to safer places. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of conflicts on human security management in Lire Payam. This study was anchored on Human Security Theory. Using a survey research design, the study drew a sample of 120 security officers from approximately 1200 security officers providing security in the study area. Systematic techniques was used to draw respondents while purposive sampling technique was used to select key informants. The data collection methods were a questionnaire and key informant interviews. Quantitative data collected were coded and analyzed by use of descriptive statistics, whereas qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The most prevalent type of conflict, as per study findings, is land-related conflict (62%), followed by the displacement of residents (38%). The most common strategy used during the conflict management by the security forces was demarcation of internal boundaries (25%). The majority of respondents (40%) had a low opinion on the effectiveness of strategies in the management of security by agencies in the Payam to had not yielded positive results due to poor communication between the organized forces and the residents due to fear of being targeted (33%). The study concludes that the nature of conflict in Lire Payam is varied, but the most common one was land-related conflict, although tribal, resource allocation, and power struggle conflicts existed in a small magnitude. The study recommends that the government needs to conduct public awareness on the significance of community and security agencies' collaboration to foster information sharing that will assist in dismantling criminal networks. To deploy more security personnel to help in the security of management during conflict, to improve on road networks to facilitate easy movement of security forces tasked to provide security during conflict management. Formation of a special police unit under the state ministry of local government to coordinate security activities in Kajo Keji County.
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    Factors affecting Rehabilitation of Child Offenders in Kimumu Boys’ Probation Hostel, Eldoret City, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
    (Egerton University, 2025) Ondari Deborah Sheila
    Child-related crimes have become common in the current society. As a response, governments have established rehabilitation centers to reform child offenders and bring them back to societal expectations. However, in Kenya, some child offenders released from probation hostels after completion of the rehabilitation process tend to continue with delinquent behavior and some get back to probation hostels again. Therefore, the study examined the factors that influence the rehabilitation of child offenders at Kimumu boys’ probation hostel in Eldoret City. The specific objectives of the study were to; examine operational policy factors affecting the rehabilitation of child offenders, assess the institutional factors affecting the rehabilitation of child offenders, and evaluate staff-related factors affecting the rehabilitation of child offenders in Kimumu Boys Probation Hostel. The research was premised on relapse prevention theory, which gave a thorough and holistic explanation on the change of behavior in the rehabilitation process. A mixed method research design was utilized, and a census sampling technique was used to select the 44 participants into the sample whilst purposive sampling procedure was used to select 11 key informants. The methods of data collection adopted were interview and key informant interview. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze qualitative data, while descriptive data analysis techniques were used to examine quantitative data. The study established that policies governing the conduct of staff and child offenders are rigid (77%), existing policies have hindered the rehabilitation process (86%), there are issues (56%) that policy issues with child admission and rehabilitation policies affect child offenders’ rehabilitation (56%). The study also revealed that inadequate teaching and training equipment (64%) negatively affects the rehabilitation process. In addition, the study revealed that the staff at the hostel are well-equipped to handle the rehabilitation of child offenders (67%) and that staff in the study institution have a positive attitude (79%) towards rehabilitated child offenders. The study concludes that rigid and inflexible policies are the main obstacle to the customization of rehabilitation programs to the individual needs of child offenders. The study also concludes that the condition of the facilities, the amount of equipment, and the funding levels are the key factors that influence the rehabilitation process. In addition, the study concludes that the success of the rehabilitation programs is mostly based on the staff's adequacy, their attitudes toward offenders, and the stability of their positions. The study recommended rehabilitation programs to be more customized to the unique needs of child offenders by probation hostels carrying out a thorough review and revision of the existing policies.
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    A morphosyntactic analysis of the interlanguage of kiswahili speaking learners of english in Malindi Town, Kilifi County
    (Egerton University, 2025) Oyiengo Selinah Sebokhi
    This morphosyntactic study analyses the lnterlanguage of Kiswahili speaking learners of English at secondary school level. Recent studies in the Coastal region of Kenya have revealed that Kiswahili plays the role of first language or fluent second language for most of the population in this region. Leamers in Malindi Town of Kilifi County have continually registered poor results in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination English examination. Research in Second Language Acquisition has shown that some of the errors the learners make can reveal the Second Language processing procedures the leamers have acquired and the strategies they use to navigate in the target language. The general objective of this study was to analyze the non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms in the interlanguage of the leamers in order to determine the strategies they used to navigate in English. Guided by Processability Theory as proposed by Manfred Pienemann (1998, Z005) and the theory of lnterlanguage by Selinker (1972), the study also identified the second language processing procedures the learners had acquired. The data was collected using a grammatical task covering a variety of grammatical concepts appropriate for the learners. Students’ essays written independently of this study were also analysed. Data was collected from six secondary schools. The population sample consisted of 173 students who were randomly selected from fonns one, two, and three. The data collected was qualitatively analysed for non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in line with the theoretical framework of this study. The non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in the sentences of the learners revealed deviations in word order, negation, interrogatives, tenses, auxiliaries, clause linkage, word derivations, and inflections. These non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms came about as a result of strategies such as communication and learning, overgeneralization, transfer of training, and language transfer which the learners employed to navigate English. The research also revealed that learners used strategies of communication such as paraphrase (approximation, word coinage, circumlocution) and repetition more than language transfer, overgeneralization, and transfer of training. It is hoped that the outcome of this research contributes to the field of knowledge with regard to Second Language Acquisition and benefits teachers, teacher-trainers, and curriculum developers as they endeavor to help students develop high levels of proficiency in English.
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    Language use in identity creation among facebook communities
    (Egerton University, 2025) Mokeira, Nina Gichaba
    This study investigated the role of social media language and identity formation dynamics within Facebook communities. Beyond being a mere communication conduit, the language activated social users’ perception, shapes their social integration, and constructs the overall identity of the community. This study sought to describe the identity constructing linguistic identity strategies and the opportunities afforded by language to sustain the social communities on Facebook. In addition, the study aimed to describe the social language pattems that Facebook community’s exhibit. This study hinges on the social identity theory of Tajfel and Turner and the Multimodal discourse analysis by Kress and van Leeuwen. From the social identity theory, social categorization, identification and comparison processes by members of the Let’s Cook Kenyan Meals (LCKM) Facebook community to form social constructs and Identity was analyzed. While the discourse analysis focused on the integration of various communication modes to form meaning. This study analyzed a purposive sample of thirty posts and thirty corrunents by participants in a Faceboak Group called LCKM, a community of practice centered around cooking. Participants discussed other issues like politics, marriage, weight loss, and education, along with the cooking and recipes. Data were captured through qualitative content analysis, where the researchers purposively selected thirty posts and thirty comments from the group’s F acebook page. The author used thematic content analysis to respond to the research objectives, organizing and analyzing the data based on the broader themes positioned around SIT and MDA. The findings indicated that Facebook users employed language to construct and signify social identities. Users culturally identified themselves by displaying various meals and concluding their posts by challenging other members to name the meals in their native language. Married users employed personal storytelling and linguistic devices, especially emojis, to express and discuss marriage and politically related issues. The posts and comments language promoted sharing and sustained a supportive community around the Facebook group. The combined linguistic and semiotic content generated by LCKM members served to validate and articulate the existing gendered social norms that structure domestic and culinary expectations. Therefore, this study holds significant sociolinguistic implications for digital communication studies, broader processes of identity creation and community building.
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    SELECTED FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER SATISFACTION AND PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHERS IN GATANGA DISTRICT, MURANG’A COUNTY
    (Egerton University, 2014-08) Mwangi, Kamau Peter.
    Career satisfaction among teachers is very crucial to the long-term growth of any educational system around the world. However, many teachers in Kenya are leaving the teaching frontline for jobs in other sectors. This study sought to establish the influence of the selected factors on career satisfaction and professional achievement among secondary school teachers in Gatanga District. The target population of the study was 460 teachers from 32 secondary schools in Gatanga District, Kenya. The sample composed of 170 teachers selected using random sampling methods, 30 HODs and 10 principals purposively selected. Schools were stratified into girls’ schools, boys’ schools and mixed secondary schools. The study employed ex post facto research design. Items sought responses on working conditions, motivation, supervision and qualification as selected factors influencing career satisfaction and professional achievement among secondary school teachers. Piloting was done with twenty teachers and five HODs from two schools which were not part of the sample. Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.707 was established for teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability for the HODs questionnaire was 0.732. Descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) were used to analyze data with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SSPS). Results revealed that the teachers’ and HODs’ characteristics such as personality, age and gender had no statistically significant influence on career satisfaction and professional achievement. However, working conditions, motivation, supervision and qualification were statistically significant. About 65.4% of teachers agreed that the selected factors had influence on career satisfaction and professional achievement. The study recommends that all stakeholders should be consulted since career satisfaction and professional achievement had proven to have great impact on teachers’ performance. The findings of the study are expected to be useful to TSC, Heads of Institutions and the Ministry of Education to reduce career satisfaction and professional achievement related problems exhibited among secondary school teachers.
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    SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SMALLSCALE FARMERS’ ADOPTION OF FARM-FORESTRY POLICY IN NAROK NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
    (Egerton University, 2019-11) NAEKU,PERERUAN CECILIA.
    The government of Kenya has over the years promoted the adoption of farm-forestry through various programmes and initiatives with the aims of reversing land degradation and increasing forest cover. One of the most recent efforts was through the establishment of the farm-forestry rules of 2009 which stipulated that 10% of agricultural land should be under trees. However, farm-forestry adoption in the country has remained sub-optimal causing concerns to policy makers. This study, therefore, encompassed both socio-economic and psychological factors to gain a holistic understanding of the adoption of farm-forestry in Narok North Sub-County. An explanatory sequential mixed method research design was used in which quantitative data was first collected followed by the collection of qualitative data. The Nassiuma’s equation was used to calculate the sample size for the quantitative research and a sample size of 110 small-scale farm households was obtained. The quantitative study used a two-stage sampling procedure whereby in the first stage proportionate sampling was used and the second stage involved simple random sampling. Purposive sampling was used for the qualitative data in which 10 farm-forestry adopters and 10 non-adopters were selected based on their tree density levels. Quantitative data was obtained using a structured questionnaire while qualitative data was collected using interview guides. The instruments were validated prior to the collection of data. A pilot test was carried out with 10 farming households in Narok East Sub-County and the reliability of the instrument was determined using cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The reliability test yielded a coefficient of 0.79 which was deemed sufficient. The results of this study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between age-group, gender, level of education, extension contact and farmergroup membership and adoption of farm-forestry. Land tenure status and agricultural enterprise were also found to significantly influence the adoption of farm-forestry. While the land sizes of farm-forestry adopters and non-adopters were found to be significantly different. There were also statistically significant differences between the attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control of farm-forestry adopters and non-adopters. The results of the Tobit model showed that gender and land tenure status significantly predicted adoption of farm-forestry. The results of the qualitative data analysis revealed that both farm-forestry adopters and non-adopters understood the importance of practising farm-forestry. However, the farm-forestry non-adopters felt that farm-forestry was a long-term and risky venture that was both knowledge and resource intensive. Therefore trainings to equip farmers with knowledge and skills on farm-forestry practice and other forms of support prove imperative if the government intends to increase the adoption of farm-forestry.
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    SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF OIL EXPLORATION ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH LOKICHAR BASIN, TURKANA COUNTY, KENYA
    (Egerton University, 2019-10) COSMAS EKWOM KAMAIS
    This study attempted to explore the security implications of oil exploration on the socio-economic activities in south Lokichar basin, Turkana County, Kenya. Motivation for the study was drawn from manifest disputes between the county government and the national government on the exploration, extraction, production sharing of Oil benefits. This study was based on the Resource curse theory and Environmental justice theory. The research objectives were; to analyse the security implications of oil exploration on social activities; to evaluate the security implications of oil exploration on economic activities and; to examine emerging security management issues due to oil exploration. Cross-sectional survey design was used for the study. A sample of 382 respondents was drawn from a population was 8,493 adult residents of south Lokichar basin, Turkana County. A total of 32 key informants were drawn from the expatriate employees of Tullow PLC, administrators and community elders for Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Indigenous respondents were sampled using cluster area sampling, while the key informants/FGD participants were purposively sampled. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interview schedule and FGD sessions; while secondary data was collected through thematic review of relevant literature. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis of excerpts; while quantitative data analysed using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and presented through descriptive frequencies, charts and tables. The study found that oil exploration had both positive and negative implications on the socio-economic activities of Lokichar community. The negative implications were mostly security in nature and arose from poor management of the community‟s expectations as regards expected benefits for oil exploration activities. The lack of proper management of the high expectations led to adversarial relations between the Lokichar community and the oil exploration company resulting in facility takeovers and disruptions in exploration operations. Besides, influx of people from outside Lokichar for oil related engagements led to a rise in crime; further adding to security burden. The study concluded that oil exploration has affected the socio-economic lives of the Lokichar residents and if not well managed, will lead to more confrontations adding to insecurity in the region. The study recommended that measures to manage expectations need to be undertaken by stakeholders. These include; increased community participation to encourage transparency, civil societies involvement to expose abuses, inclusive policy reviews on security, natural resource management and revenue sharing, exploration of alternative energy sources, institution of development and poverty eradication measures, and employment of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in dealing with disputes arising from oil exploration
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