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Item SECURITY IMPLICATION OF MUTUAL POLICE AND SOCIETAL CORRUPTION IN EMBAKASI NORTH CONSTITUENCY IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA(Egerton University, 2023-11) MASUGU, NYAKAMBI RUTHThe study was necessitated by increased insecurity in Embakasi North constituency in Nairobi County, notwithstanding the heavy presence of security personnel in the area. According to this study, this was attributed to by mutual police and societal corruption. The study first examined public perceptions on the context of policing and its influence on police corruption in Embakasi North constituency; determined perceptions on the types of police corruption and their influence on security; and further established the relationship between determinants of Police-society corruption and their influence on security in Embakasi North constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya. This study was guided by the Erosion Theory (ET) of corruption explaining why many people get drawn into the vice and premised on the cross-sectional survey design and stratified random sampling techniques, where data was collected from 196 respondents and 10 Key Informants (K.I’s). Main data collection method was the questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed with the aid of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). This study unraveled both, Macro and Micro police contextual obstacles where the extent and implications of the state organs such as the legislature, executive, and justice sector institutions suggested corrupt political contexts, hence constraining policing function with criminological approaches to corruption. With reference to the second objective, the study revealed the main forms of police corruption in the area which included receiving bribes to; release suspects from lawful custody, assist suspects evade arrest, cover up criminal activities, reveal police operations; protection of illegal activities, evidence tampering & theft and disclosure of privileged Information amongst others. These forms of corruption benefited organized criminal groups, which were said to be potentially risky to an extent of disabling both individuals and entire institutions, besides seeking state capture; in polity and economy. Finally, the study revealed a deeper relationship between police and society corruption based on determinant factors such as culture (p=0.01), systemic failure of governance (p=0.01), and failed economy (p=0.02). Deeper insight of police corruption seems to draw from a society wide cultural corruption paradigm. This study recommends an anti-corruption approach that goes beyond targeting “bad apples” and adopt a systems approach. Further, Political will from a benevolent dictator with presidential degrees on matters corruption will help crush this cancerous vice to the nib.Item CHALLENGES FACED BY ANTI-TERRORISM POLICE UNIT IN FIGHTING TERRORISM. A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI COUNTY KENYA(Egerton University, 2024-03) MWADORI FREDRICK ELIJAHThis study sought to establish the challenges faced by anti-terrorism police unit in fighting terrorism in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study has been motivated by increased public perceptions of anti-terror police ineffectiveness in the midst of rising terror related activities in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by this broad objective, the study examined the legal challenges faced by the Kenya anti-terrorism police unit in fighting terrorism in Nairobi County, established the technological challenges faced by an anti-terrorism police unit and examined the effect of corruption on war against terror within the Kenya anti-terrorism police unit in Nairobi County. The study was grounded by the Deterrence Theory and adopted a case study qualitative design. The main method of data collection was Interview and key informant interviews were the methods of data collection. The study utilized purposive sampling technique to withdraw a sample of 80 respondents. Thematic data analysis technique was used to analyze data. Data was transcribed and the transcriptions coded using NVIVO software. Two major legal challenges identified were related to both Kenya constitution and domestic and International Human Right laws. The study found that the war on terror is shrouded in ambiguities in interpreting the law on what terrorism is, biases in dealing with terror suspects and confusion on what international partners want. Further, constitutional rights and freedoms emerged as major challenge that hampered police operations and action. Further established technological skilled challenges faced by anti-terrorism police unit in Nairobi County include capacity to crack: Incitement Platforms, Terrorist Financing platforms and Websites used as online stores. Further, there is technological skill gap to enable them crack; encrypted, compressed and password-protected and anonymized terrorist materials, including documents and videos, which are then uploaded and circulated via the internet encryption software of terrorist Secrets” to facilitate covert internet communications. been planned. From there prison authorities may also be bribed to aid escape. The study recommended that Kenya's constitution and domestic and International Human Rights laws should be reviewed about the full rights and freedoms of accused and victims of terror-related crimes about the supreme rights and that anti-terror police officers should be trained to overcome this technological challenge if the government wants to be potent enough to insulate its citizens against any terrorist threats.Item PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND ITS IMPLICATION ON SECURITY IN RUMBEK CENTRAL, SOUTH SUDAN(Egerton University, 2024-05) KUYU, JOHN ALFREDThe proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons remain a challenge to the security sector globally. The availability of these weapons causes political instability, communal conflict, posing a great threat to not only lives and property but also sustainable development. When South Sudan seceded in 2011, it was estimated that there were up to 3.2 million small arms in circulation and two-thirds of these arms were thought to be in the hands of civilians. More arms were believed to circulate during the 2013 and 2016 crisis that took place in the country. The broad objective of this study was to investigate the proliferation of Small arms and its implications on security. Specific objectives of the study were to examine the factors that influence the proliferation of small arms, establish its implications on security and evaluate the measures taken in combating the proliferation of these arms in Rumbek Central, republic of South Sudan. The study was guided by the security dilemma theory. The theory states that no actor is certain of the future motive of those who can harm them. John Hertz, one of the founders of security dilemma theory asserts that; groups or individuals who live alongside each other must be concerned about their security from being attacked by others. A descriptive research design was adopted since this would answer “what” and “how “questions needed in investigating the problem under study. Guided interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data from a total of 96 respondents who were identified by the use of purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Qualitative data were organized and presented in text form while the quantitative data were processed and presented in tables and graphs. This study found that the proliferation of SALW had led to insecurity in Rumbek Central, affecting people's free movement from one location to another. Areas deep in villages, cattle camps, and along the border with Unity state also remained insecure from cattle theft. Cattle camp youths still possessed their arms despite the disarmament conducted by the state. Some murder cases were delayed and yet they are a source of revenge killings in Rumbek. The proliferation of small arms also led to an increase in crime rate and its associated problem such as rampant killing, looting, raping of women and girls. Although the state government tried to address this by using several measures including disarmament, the civilians in Rumbek continue to arm themselves hence causing challenge to security management. To address the problem, this study recommends the deployment of more security forces to safeguard the people and their property.Item SELECTED INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING POLICE PEFORMANCE IN CONTROLLING CRIMES IN JUBA COUNTY, CENTRAL EQUATORIA STATE SOUTH SUDAN(Egerton University, 2024-09) JAL, AYIE GOLThis study sought to assess the factors affecting the police performance in controlling crimes in Juba County South Sudan. The study was motivated by increasing crime rates in Juba despite police presence in the area. The study was guided by three objectives; (i)to assess internal organizational factors affecting police performance in controlling crime in Juba County South Sudan, (ii) to examine the external factors affecting police performance in Juba County South Sudan and (iii) to identify mitigation measures to improve police performance in controlling crimes in Juba County South Sudan. The study was grounded by the contingency theory of management and adopted a case study of qualitative design. The main method of data collection was the questionnaire and interviews. The study comprised of 158 main respondents and 10 Key Informants. The census sampling Method was used to select respondents for the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Internal organizational factors that affected police performance in controlling crimes in Juba County South Sudan were rated high with a response mean value of 3.97 and STD of 0.67 and the external organizational factors affecting police performance were rated high with a response mean of 4.16 and STD of 0.65. The study addressed the major mitigation measures that will improve police performance in controlling crimes in Juba County South Sudan and the respondents agreed with a mean value of 3.55 and a standard deviation of 0.66. The study recommends the need for a comprehensive police reform supported by the government, reduced interference from non-state actors, respect for rule of law, and prioritizing of the Police institution through increased resource allocation by the Ministry of Finance and PlanningItem IMPLICATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERVENTIONS ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN ILCHAMUS WARD, MARIGAT SUB-COUNTY, KENYA(Egerton University, 2024-06) LUVISHIA,KIPYATOR ERICWidespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food availability. Government and Non-governmental organization are shifting from food relief provisions to diversification intervention strategies at the household level. However, there has been limited literature, especially from a sociological perspective on the implication of socio- economic interventions on household food security. The study sought to fill this knowledge gap by addressing the problem and findings to the interventions. The broad objective of the study was to assess the implication of socio-economic interventions on household food security. The specific objectives include; establishing the types of intervention to support households attain food Security, examine effects of social interventions to households attain food security, determine the effects of income diversification interventions to support on household attain food security in Ilchamus ward of Marigat Sub-County. The study was guided by Theory of Change complemented by Food Availability Decline Approach Framework. It adopted the descriptive research design where household experiences were documented using structured questionnaire. Proportionate stratified sampling method was used in dividing the sample of 170 households into the 4 locations found in the study area. The data collected were tallied and analysed to produce frequency distribution, percentages and mean. The results found out that there are interventions are on nutrition, health, sanitation, education and local knowledge as ways of improving household food security. The main social support access identified was reduction in size of meals and reduction in the number of meals per day. The study noted that that crop production and wage labour are the major sources of income in the ward. Further, the findings indicated that income from common property resources keeps on decreasing due to over exploitation. The study concluded that that household food insecurity was high. The study recommended need for crop diversification which will include use of drought resistant crops and adoption of strategies that conserve natural resources base. There is need for knowledge dissemination to farmers on the four pillars underpinning food security: food availability, food accessibility, utilization and stability in form of extension services which can offer great opportunities of increasing the capacity of residents awareness that could help fight food insecurity.Item IMPLICATIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN POLICE HOUSE HOLDS IN BURUBURU POLICE DIVISION IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA(Egerton University, 2024-02) MAKUTI, MUNUVE ANDREWThis study investigated domestic violence in police households in the BuruBuru Police Division. The study was motivated by the need for new interventions to help curb the seemingly persistent and increasing violence against women in police households in BuruBuru Police Division this study attributed to a lack of adequate information on the problem. The study was guided by the following objectives: to explore the forms and nature of domestic violence against women in police households; to examine the factors that give rise to domestic violence against women in police households; and to assess the effects of domestic violence on police families in BuruBuru Police Division. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive study design. The study used the probability sampling technique as well as purposive sampling to specifically select a sample size of 133 respondents from partners of male Police officers. This study also interviewed 8 key informants to further enrich the findings. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS software package while the qualitative data was processed using content analysis. Correlation analysis was used to test for associations and dependencies between the variables of the study. According to the study, domestic violence also takes place in police households. Major forms of domestic violence revealed by this study include physical violence (48.5%), sexual abuse (56.6%), controlling or domineering (42.4%), economic deprivation (41.4%) and intimidation (38.4%). Further, socio-economic factors greatly contribute to domestic violence in police households (63.6%). This was said to significantly affect police mental health and also the quality of their work. According to this study, police disciplinary procedures may not be adequate to address the problem. The study recommends policies that include the use of conflict resolution mechanisms such as mediation, counseling and other government and NGO outreach programs to this seemingly hard-to-reach population within the confines of police houses and or police lines.Item FACTORS INFLUENCING MOTORCYCLE RELATED CRIMES IN NAKURU EAST SUB-COUNTY, NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2024-07) KIPLAGAT,KIPROP OBADIAHMotorcycle is one of the most popular modes of transport in Kenya. The industry provides livelihood to millions of Kenyans, especially the youths. However, despite these advantages, the industry is faced with social, economic, and cultural challenges that have significantly increased crime levels in urban areas. Increased presence and use of motorcycles has attracted criminals who have taken advantage of the industry to perpetrate various crimes and escape easily. Despite the existence of various laws that regulates the registration and operations of commercial motorcycles, insecurity, and cases of motorcycle related crimes such as theft, robbery, and assault perpetrated by motorcycle riders and also against commercial riders, have been on the rise. The study sought to examine the factors influencing motorcycle related crimes in Nakuru East Sub-county, Nakuru County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the nature and types of motorcycle related crimes, the mode of operations used in motorcycle related crimes, and the social and economic factors influencing motorcycle related crimes in Nakuru East Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was based on Routine Activities Theory and Crime Pattern theory. Survey research design was used in the study. Primary data was collected using interview schedules and key informant interviews. Stratified sampling was used to select 310 motorcycle riders from four strata which include Bondeni, Flamingo, Mwariki B, and Kivumbini then simple random sampling was used to select respondents from these strata. The data collected were tallied and analysed to produce frequency distribution, percentages, and mean. The study found the use of violence and weapons as a nature of motorcycle related crime. The study established robbery and robbery with violence as a major type of motorcycle related crime. Operation in groups and the use of motorcycles to trace the movements of victims and survey possible targets was found to be a popular mode of operation used to perpetrate motorcycle related crime. The study also established the use of drug and substance abuse and unemployment as the major socio economic factors influencing motorcycle related crimes. The study recommended increased police patrols, enactment of stringent motorcycle transport laws, and the creation of more job opportunities for youths, and youths, to help address motorcycle related crimes.Item MATOKEO YA MATUMIZI YA UREJELEZI KATIKA MAHUSIANO KATI YA JAMII YA ABAGUSII NA KIPSIGIS(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2024-10) KEFA, NYAIGOTI PATRICKUtafiti huu ulichunguza matokeo ya matumizi yaurejelezi katika mahusiano kati ya jamii ya Abagusii na Kipsigis. Jamii hizi zimekuwa na matumizi ya urejelezi ambayo wanaisimu hawajaifanya tafiti na kuitathmini. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na madhumuni yafuatayo: Kubainisha na kueleza lugha urejelezi inayotumiwa na jamii ya Abagusii na Kipsigis;Kujadili lugha rejelezi inayotumiwa na jamii ya Abagusii na Kipsigis na athari zake katika mahusiano yao na kutathmini mbinu za suluhu zinazotumiwa na Abagusii na Kipsigis kuunda uhusiano bora kati yao. Utafiti huu uliongozwa nandharia ya Utambulisho wa Lugha za Kikabila inayohusu makabila/mbariza binadamu na mahusiano kati ya jamii, yaani (‘Ethnolinguistics identity Theory’ (ELIT). Utafiti huu ni wa kithamano mkabala wa mfano (case study) na ulifanyika katika maeneo ya Borabu na Sotik ambapo ni mpaka ya jamii hizi mbili. Sampuli lengwa ilikuwa ya kimakusudi na ilihusu wazee wanaume 10 na kina mama 10 wenye umri wa miaka 60 na zaidi, kutoka jamii ya Abagusii na Kipsigis na vijana 20 wenye miaka 24 hadi 35 kutoka pande zote za Abagusii na Kipsigis wanaoishi eneo la Borabu – Sotik, kata ya Gelegele tarafa ya Ndanai na kata ya Esise tarafa ya Borabu, eneo hili ni mpaka wa jamii ya Abagusii na Kipsigis. Kwa jumla watafitiwa 60, watfitiwa 30 kutoka jamii ya Abagusii na watafiwa 30 kutoka jamii ya Kipsigis. Mtafiti alishiriki katika mazungumzo katika ukusanyaji wa deta na kisha kufanya unukuzi wa yaliyojiri. Deta ilichanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo.Mtafiti alingundua kwamba lugha ya urejelezi huzua rabsha, vurugu na vita. Hivyo basi, wanaobuni sera hawana budi kushirikisha lugha ya urejelezi katika uundaji wa sera zao kuhusu matumizi ya lugha rejelezi ili kusuluhisha mitafaruku inayotokana na jamii zinazopakana. Utafiti huu utafaidi katika kuleta suluhu, amani na utengamano miongoni mwa jamii mbalimbali ulimwenguni, Afrika na Kenya. Utafiti huu utaelimisha jamii, hasa, asasi za serikali na wasimamizi wa kaunti, halmashauri ya kutatua ugonvi miongoni mwa jamii kitaifa, pamoja na kutoa kumbukumbu ambazo serikali kuu na kaunti zinaweza kutumia ili kuleta suluhu miongoni mwa jamii wakati wa mitafaruku. Aidha, matokeo yametoa kumbukumbu za marejeleo ambazo wasomi watatumia ili kufanya tafiti nyingine kati ya jamii mbalimbali kwani matumizi ya urejelezi huzua mitafaruku, rabsha na vita miongoni mwa jamii.Item ROLE OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN MITIGATING GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN KURIA EAST AND WEST SUB COUNTIES, MIGORI COUNTY, KENYA(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) OGWENYA, AWUOR SHARONGender based violence persists as a global problem, affecting men, women and children disproportionately. It deters optimal participation in social, political, and economic projects within the community, and impedes sustainable community development. The importance of community participation in resolving its internal problems has been underscored by the increased shift in the involvement of community level actors and institutions in the mitigation and management of GBV. Despite government policies and interventions to mitigate GBV, it continues to be reported. This study sought to assess the role of community-based organizations in mitigating gender-based violence in Kuria East and West Sub Counties. Specifically, the study sought to determine the nature of GBV, examine the capacity of CBOs in mitigating GBV, determine the contributions of CBOs in mitigating GBV, and analyze the constraints facing CBOs in mitigating GBV in Kuria East and West Sub Counties. The study was grounded on the theory of conflict, social network theory and theory of constraints, and employed a mixed method research design. Stratified sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 165 respondents from a target population of 282, whilst purposive sampling was adopted to draw participants for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study established that physical violence, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, economic abuse and female genital mutilation are the most common forms of GBV in the study area. The study also established that CBOs have adequate capacity in terms of staffing and expertise to mitigate GBV, and that the contributions of CBOs extend to educational programs and awareness creation and comprehensive support services to survivors. Further, the study established that cultural barriers are the key impediments to mitigation of GBV. The study concludes that patriarchy and deep-rooted social norms continually fuel violence, and that capacity building of skills and expertise is integral if CBOs are to effectively mitigate GBV. Further, the study concludes that whereas CBOs efforts in mitigating GBV are recognizable, a conducive cultural environment needs to be created. Considering these findings, the study recommends partnerships between various actors to create a coordinated response system for GBV, and establishment of well-defined roles and a coordinated community response system to ensure comprehensive support for GBV survivors. Further, the study recommends training of CBO staff and relevant government officials on cultural approaches to GBV interventions to ensure culturally sensitive approaches. Finally, the study recommends the review and strengthening of existing laws and policies on GBV to ensure the survivors are well protected.Item A MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INTERLANGUAGE OF KISWAHILI SPEAKING LEARNERS OF ENGLISH IN MALINDI TOWN, KILIFI COUNTY(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-10) OYIENGO, SELINAH NEBOKHIThis morphosyntactic study analyses the Interlanguage of Kiswahili speaking learners of English at secondary school level. Recent studies in the Coastal region of Kenya have revealed that Kiswahili plays the role of first language or fluent second language for most of the population in this region. Learners in Malindi Town of Kilifi County have continually registered poor results in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination English examination. Research in Second Language Acquisition has shown that some of the errors the learners make can reveal the Second Language processing procedures the learners have acquired and the strategies they use to navigate in the target language. The general objective of this study was to analyze the non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms in the interlanguage of the learners in order to determine the strategies they used to navigate in English. Guided by Processability Theory as proposed by Manfred Pienemann (1998, 2005) and the theory of Interlanguage by Selinker (1972), the study also identified the second language processing procedures the learners had acquired. The data was collected using a grammatical task covering a variety of grammatical concepts appropriate for the learners. Students’ essays written independently of this study were also analysed. Data was collected from six secondary schools. The population sample consisted of 173 students who were randomly selected from forms one, two, and three. The data collected was qualitatively analysed for non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in line with the theoretical framework of this study. The non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in the sentences of the learners revealed deviations in word order, negation, interrogatives, tenses, auxiliaries, clause linkage, word derivations, and inflections. These non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms came about as a result of strategies such as communication and learning, overgeneralization, transfer of training, and language transfer which the learners employed to navigate English. The research also revealed that learners used strategies of communication such as paraphrase (approximation, word coinage, circumlocution) and repetition more than language transfer, overgeneralization, and transfer of training. It is hoped that the outcome of this research contributes to the field of knowledge with regard to Second Language Acquisition and benefits teachers, teacher-trainers, and curriculum developers as they endeavor to help students develop high levels of proficiency in English.Item EFFECTS OF ARMED ETHNIC CONFLICTS ON SECURITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN MALAKAL TOWN, UPPER NILE STATE, SOUTH SUDAN(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-09) DENG,ATAK DIING PETERThis study explores how armed ethnic wars affect the development and security management in Malakal Town in the Upper Nile State in South Sudan where inter-ethnic violence has been constant as far back as independence in 2011. It is based on the desire to fill the gaps in the local conflict research, which aims to establish the cause of conflicts, their consequences, and possible security measures. The study takes an explanatory research design guided by the relative deprivation and social control theories. The surveys were done with 105 household heads chosen through stratified random sampling in Dinka, Shilluk, and Nuer communities with a response rate of 74.3. The analysis of in-depth interviews and questionnaires was conducted using SPSS where descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results have shown ethnic rivalries (38.2%), political wrangles (30.3%), and a land conflict (19.7%) to be the major reasons which resulted because of poverty (94.8%), poor governance (92.3%), arms proliferation (96.1%), and unequal distribution of resources (97.5%). These have resulted in loss of farmlands (93.6%), food insecurity (100%), loss of income (97.5%), loss of livelihood (94.9%), and flight of investors (98.7%). Such security efforts as community policing and emergency responses have a partial success (74.4% approval) but are limited by the destruction of infrastructure and resource drainage. The study summarizes that the instability in the region is perpetuated by poor governance and ethnicism at the expense of development. It suggests the inter-ethnic dialogue, reform of the security sector, disarmament initiatives and equal-resource policies as the means of ensuring sustainable peace and socio-economic recovery.Item FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING IN MARABA LOCATION, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-10)Despite household decision making being a critical input in household socio-economic development, it seems to be taken for granted in most situations. This study sought to examine factors influencing household decision making in Maraba location, Nandi County, Kenya. Most households in the study area seemed to lag behind and score poorly in terms of their social and economic conditions despite having the necessary resources to propel them into better development indicators. The specific objectives of the study were to examine social factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, to analyze cultural factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, and to establish economic factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location. The study was guided by the rational choice theory by Verbeok (2010). The target population of the study was all households in Maraba Location. A sample size of 174 households participated in the study. The unit of analysis were the household heads. Purposive and simple random sampling was employed. Data was collected by use of an interview schedule and in-depth interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis were employed. Socially, it was found that despite 86% of the respondents having attained basic education, formal education was not significant in selecting one as the household head (117, 67.2%). Age, at 107(61.5%) and sex at (157, 90.2%) were significant in decision making. Most of the decisions were by the married (153, 87.9%) and majority (80%) were Christians. Cultural beliefs (154, 88.5%), expectations about men and women (141, 79.9%), traditions and customs (29, 74.1%) affected decision making. Gender of the household head (156, 89.7%) and responsibility were vested in men (170, 98.2%). Male dominated decisions on ownership of property like land (116, 66.7%), livestock farming (115, 66.1%) and leadership (123, 70.7%). Women dominated decisions on kitchen (125, 71.8%) and care of girls (72, 38%). Economically, majority (144, 82.8%) of the respondents engaged in informal employment and earned below K.Sh.10,000 per month (111= 64%). The income was not enough (131=75%). Ownership of assets influenced decision making (132, 75%). It was concluded that social and cultural factors were significant in determining one being a household head, decision-making process, and types of decisions taken. The study recommended for a more inclusive and effective decision making. There was need to promote cultural practices that enhanced socio-economic development of households and refute those that were retrogressive.Item GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE IN CUSTOMARY MARRIAGE CEREMONIES AMONG THE BUKUSU OF BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) NALIANYA,NEKESA FANGLINEhis study sought to fill a gap in existing scholarship by examining gender-specific language use within Bukusu customary marriage ceremonies, particularly in light of the persistent issues of gender biases and stereotypes embedded in language. While numerous studies have examined gender and language in general contexts, limited attention has been given to how these dynamics unfold within culturally rich, ritualized settings such as Bukusu marriage ceremonies. Some of the cultural practices like Bukusu customary marriages more often than not perpetuate gender differences in language. The specific objectives were; to establish gender differences in language use in customary marriage ceremonies among the Bukusu of Kimilili sub-county, to determine the factors contributing to gender differences in language use in customary marriage ceremonies among the Bukusu of Kimilili sub-county and to evaluate the effects of gender differences in language use on social interactions in customary marriage ceremonies among the Bukusu of Kimilili sub-county. The study was informed by Ruth Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). DHA helped demonstrate how gendered language use is shaped by historical, cultural and social contexts. It also revealed how language practices reflect and reinforce traditional gender roles and power dynamics within these ceremonies. The study targeted members of the Bukusu community in Kimilili sub-county who had participated in customary marriage ceremonies. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 participants, including individuals involved in four different marriage ceremonies across key ritual stages. The qualitative research design was used where qualitative techniques were employed in the collection of data; interviews, observation, focus group and video recording. Obtained data was transcribed to provide data for analysis. Discourse analysis (DA) and DHA were used to analyze data. The results were presented through textual descriptions and narratives, complemented by visual representations such as tables. The results revealed gender differences in language use in phonological articulation, vocabulary, grammar, conversational styles and non-verbal communication. These differences are influenced by societal norms and traditional gender roles that dictate men’s use of authoritative speech and women’s nurturing language. The findings of the study may be used by policymakers, educators and community leaders to develop strategies that promote inclusive and gender-sensitive language. The media and public communicators can use the findings to promote non-discriminatory language in public discourse.Item INFLUENCE OF PRIVATE SECURITY GUARDS' WORK-RELATED FACTORS ON THEIR SECURITY SERVICES PROVISION IN EMBAKASI SUB-COUNTY, KENYA(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) SIGORE, MENG’ANYI AMOSI.Private security guards play a fundamental role in security provision, supplementing police services in residential areas, industries, and government and private establishments. Despite their importance, the literature indicates that inadequate training, poor management practices, and insufficient welfare programs undermine their effectiveness. This study investigated the factors affecting private security guards’ security services provision in Embakasi SubCounty, Kenya, focusing on working conditions, training, and staff development programs. Anchored in the Two-Factor Theory, the study employed a survey research design, utilizing cluster and convenience sampling to select 291 respondents from a target population of 1,200. Data collection methods included questionnaires and key informant interviews, with analysis incorporating both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that security companies often fail to provide guards with the necessary equipment (55%), and inferential analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between equipment possession and service quality (χ² = 4.82, p = 0.028). Management practices were found to negatively affect security services delivery (58%), with t-test results showing a significant difference in service quality based on guards’ perceptions of management impact (t = -2.15, p = 0.032). Regarding training, 65% of respondents lacked formal security training, relying instead on on-the-job learning (52%). Inferential statistics revealed a statistically significant association between basic security training and service quality (χ² = 6.82, p = 0.009), as well as professional development programs (χ² = 6.25, p = 0.012) and equipment handling training (χ² = 5.25, p = 0.022). In terms of staff development programs, the study found that most security companies lacked loan schemes (63%), social welfare programs (72%), and education support for guards’ children (87%). However, the revised inferential analysis revealed statistically significant associations between social welfare programs (χ² = 4.52, p = 0.034) and education bursaries (χ² = 5.21, p = 0.023) and service quality. The study recommends that security companies prioritize equipment provision, standardized training frameworks, and welfare initiatives such as healthcare and education support. These findings underscore the importance of addressing working conditions, training, and welfare to enhance security services delivery while highlighting the need for policy reforms to institutionalize professional development programs.Item A HISTORY OF KAPSOWAR MISSION HOSPITAL ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY KENYA, 1934-2020(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2023-04) KIPTOO, NELSONDespite the significant role that Kapsowar Mission Hospital has in the health centre and especially in Elgeyo Marakwet and modernizing the area, little is known about its history. It is in this regard that this study examined the history of Kapsowar Mission Hospital and its outreach medical mission in Marakwet district. This was done through documenting the history of the institution since its inception in 1934. The study also focused on how the missionaries managed to win the hearts of Marakwet people who were deeply rooted in their traditional ways of treating the sick, especially by the use of herbs and made them embrace the modern health care. The main objective of this study was to examine the history of Kapsowar Mission Hospital from 1934 to 2020. The study applied Structural Functionalism Theory by Herbert Spencer. While Structural Functionalism sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Hebert Spencer saw similarities between society and the human body; he argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning. The theory showed how different institutions in Marakwet district worked closely towards uniting the people and hence developing the area, more specifically the missionaries and the locals. To achieve this, historical research design was used to evaluate and analyse data that was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data for this study was sought from the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi and Nakuru. This was complemented by data gathered through oral interviews with relevant informants living in Marakwet district. The informants were identified through purposive sampling. The informants who were be picked, comprised of residents who had information pertaining the history of the mission hospital, area administrators, doctors and nurses employed in the facility were also be included in the study. Secondary data was sought from the internet, Egerton University Library, British Institute of East Africa in Nairobi, the University of Nairobi Library, Macmillan Library in Nairobi and Kenya National Library Services. Three analytical frames were used to analyse the collected data. These included theoretical reflection, documentary review and content analysis. This analysis of the history of Kapsowar Mission Hospital as one of the missionary legacies in Marakwet district thus contributed to the body of knowledge as it added to written works on medical history in Kenya. The major finding of the study was that Kapsowar mission hospital was the reason for the growth of the town. This finding was important to policy makers in the health sector and urban developers at the county level.Item FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING IN MARABA LOCATION, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA(EGERTON UNIVERSITY, 2025-05) CHEPTOO, MARYDespite household decision making being a critical input in household socio-economic development, it seems to be taken for granted in most situations. This study sought to examine factors influencing household decision making in Maraba location, Nandi County, Kenya. Most households in the study area seemed to lag behind and score poorly in terms of their social and economic conditions despite having the necessary resources to propel them into better development indicators. The specific objectives of the study were to examine social factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, to analyze cultural factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location, and to establish economic factors that affect household decision making in Maraba Location. The study was guided by the rational choice theory by Verbeok (2010). The target population of the study was all households in Maraba Location. A sample size of 174 households participated in the study. The unit of analysis were the household heads. Purposive and simple random sampling was employed. Data was collected by use of an interview schedule and in-depth interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis were employed. Socially, it was found that despite 86% of the respondents having attained basic education, formal education was not significant in selecting one as the household head (117, 67.2%). Age, at 107(61.5%) and sex at (157, 90.2%) were significant in decision making. Most of the decisions were by the married (153, 87.9%) and majority (80%) were Christians. Cultural beliefs (154, 88.5%), expectations about men and women (141, 79.9%), traditions and customs (29, 74.1%) affected decision making. Gender of the household head (156, 89.7%) and responsibility were vested in men (170, 98.2%). Male dominated decisions on ownership of property like land (116, 66.7%), livestock farming (115, 66.1%) and leadership (123, 70.7%). Women dominated decisions on kitchen (125, 71.8%) and care of girls (72, 38%). Economically, majority (144, 82.8%) of the respondents engaged in informal employment and earned below K.Sh.10,000 per month (111= 64%). The income was not enough (131=75%). Ownership of assets influenced decision making (132, 75%). It was concluded that social and cultural factors were significant in determining one being a household head, decision-making process, and types of decisions taken. The study recommended for a more inclusive and effective decision making. There was need to promote cultural practices that enhanced socio-economic development of households and refute those that were retrogressive.Item The implication of televised comedy from Churchill live show on inter-ethnic relations in Kenya(Egerton University, 2021) Ndonye, Michael MuleItem Christian perspective on the use of cosmetics: the case of Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya(Egerton University, 2025-10) Joy Nkatha GichuruThe use of cosmetic products for beautification has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. In Christianity, there is a debate about whether using cosmetics aligns with Christian faith and practice. This study set to assess the Christian views regarding the use of cosmetics for beautification in Njoro sub-County in Nakuru County. The study specifically determined the Christian understanding of the biblical teachings concerning the use of cosmetic products, it also examined the traditions of various Christian denominations on the use of cosmetic products and lastly it established the controversy regarding the use of cosmetics by Christians in Njoro sub-County, Nakuru County. It examined the conservative, moderate and liberal Christian views on the use of cosmetic in Njoro sub-County. The target population comprised of Christians from various denominations in the sub-County. Njoro sub-County was picked because of its diversity in terms of the Christian faith comprising the main stream churches, African independent churches, and new religious movements. The study was informed by the Conservative Theory of religion by Paul O’Callaghan and the Liberalism Theory of religion as explained by George Sinclair and Guas Gerald. The study adopted the Cross-sectional Qualitative research design. The research participants included the clergy and members from various churches. A sample of 150 respondents were purposively selected to represent views of the above study population. In-depth oral interviews, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and observation methods were used to collect data. The raw data was cleaned by leaving out information irrelevant to the study. Codes were developed by systematically making line-by-line analysis then highlighting key aspects related to study objectives. The analysis of data was from a comparative approach. The responses were grouped into dominant themes where the perspectives of the conservative, moderate and liberal Christians regarding the use of cosmetics were compared. The findings of this research indicated various standpoint towards the use of cosmetics with some Christians denouncing while others supporting its use and others strive to find a balance between the use and non-use of cosmetics. These differing views were facilitated by different biblical interpretations, church doctrines, cultural norms and historical practices related to cosmetic use. These diverse perspectives further highlight the challenges Christians face in reconciling personal expression with faith-based values, underscoring the importance of open discussions within congregations. This study will add to the knowledge regarding the use of cosmetics within Christian denominations and how to deal with issues that may arise regarding its use rises with its usage.Item Evaluating access and use of library information resources among students at rift valley national polytechnic, Nakuru County, Kenya(Egerton University, 2025-10) Ng’ang’a,Jessica NyawiraAcademic libraries play a critical role in supporting teaching, learning, and research within higher education. With the increasing prevalence of digital technologies, libraries now provide both physical and digital resources, including e-journals, databases, and e-books. However, students often make limited use of these resources. This gap between availability and actual use highlights the need to understand what influences students’ engagement with library materials. Without such understanding, libraries may struggle to fully support academic success. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate access to and use of library information resources for academic success among students at Rift Valley National Polytechnic (RVNP) .The specific objectives of the study were: establish the availability of information resources at Rift Valley National Polytechnic library to meet students' information needs, examine the access and utilization of library information resources among students at Rift Valley National Polytechnic Library to fulfill their information needs and to analyze Library users’ experiences and satisfaction with the information resources at Rift Valley National Polytechnic in meeting their academic information needs. The research employed the Expectation Confirmation Theory and adopted a mixed-methods approach. The study population comprised 2025 RVNP students, from which a stratified random sample of 206 students was selected, along with one librarian for an interview. Data collection involved student questionnaires and a face-to-face interview with the librarian. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS with descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis. The results indicate that print information sources remain the primary information resource in TVET libraries, with limited availability of electronic resources. The study recommends increased investment in electronic resources and digital infrastructure to remain relevant in today's technologically driven environment.Item Multimodal discourse analysis of JK live talk show on Citizen TV in Kenya(Egerton University, 2025) Timothy Nyongesa WamalwaWith technological advancement, multimodal texts have become common. Talk shows exemplify this trend, as their content and communicative purposes are shaped by the sociocultural contexts from which they emerge. This study examined Citizen TV’s JK Live talk show as a multimodal text, based on the premise that social semiotic resources are integral to discourse composition. While previous research has examined talk shows through conversation analysis, genre analysis or audience reception, few studies have analysed TV talk shows as multimodal texts and there is limited research specifically investigating how verbal, non-verbal and visual modes interact in JK Live talk show to construct meaning. The study aimed to explore the modes and their actions in the show, examine their interactions and interrelationships and evaluate the meanings drawn by the modes. The study was anchored on two analytical approaches that are essential in understanding social interactions: Multimodal Discourse Analysis and Frame Analysis. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design with qualitative data collection methods. Four purposively selected episodes were downloaded from Citizen TV’s YouTube channel. Observation and focus group discussions were employed as data collection instruments. The findings of this study led to the conclusion that participants’ interactions influenced modal interactions, which in turn shaped how meanings were constructed in the show. The meanings that emerged from the interaction of the modes contributed to the understanding of JK Live talk show as a social event. This study thus provides insights for academics, media practitioners, educators and the general public in relation to understanding multimodal communication.