Faculty of Arts of Social Sciences

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Evaluating access and use of library information resources among students at rift valley national polytechnic, Nakuru County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025-10) Ng’ang’a,Jessica Nyawira
Academic libraries play a critical role in supporting teaching, learning, and research within higher education. With the increasing prevalence of digital technologies, libraries now provide both physical and digital resources, including e-journals, databases, and e-books. However, students often make limited use of these resources. This gap between availability and actual use highlights the need to understand what influences students’ engagement with library materials. Without such understanding, libraries may struggle to fully support academic success. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate access to and use of library information resources for academic success among students at Rift Valley National Polytechnic (RVNP) .The specific objectives of the study were: establish the availability of information resources at Rift Valley National Polytechnic library to meet students' information needs, examine the access and utilization of library information resources among students at Rift Valley National Polytechnic Library to fulfill their information needs and to analyze Library users’ experiences and satisfaction with the information resources at Rift Valley National Polytechnic in meeting their academic information needs. The research employed the Expectation Confirmation Theory and adopted a mixed-methods approach. The study population comprised 2025 RVNP students, from which a stratified random sample of 206 students was selected, along with one librarian for an interview. Data collection involved student questionnaires and a face-to-face interview with the librarian. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS with descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis. The results indicate that print information sources remain the primary information resource in TVET libraries, with limited availability of electronic resources. The study recommends increased investment in electronic resources and digital infrastructure to remain relevant in today's technologically driven environment.
Effects of excessive Consumption of Alcohol on Households in Ainabkoi Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025) Emmanuel Kipkorir Kemboi
This study investigated the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on households in Ainabkoi Sub-County. Excessive consumption of alcohol remains a critical social issue of public concern that negatively affects households. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on the households in the study area. The study was guided by Family Systems Theory (Kerr and Bowen) and the role expectancy theory. The study used a descriptive research design. A total of 367 household heads participated in the study. Data were generated from structured interview schedules, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings indicated that excessive consumption of alcohol was sustained by two major drivers: the availability of cheap but potent alcoholic drinks and a combination of community, family, and individual factors. Excessive consumption of alcohol had a socially disorienting effect on the consumers and their households, making them social misfits highly represented in social deviance, negative socialization and misdirected social priorities, whose outcomes were negative parenting and disruption and instability in the household. Excessive consumption of alcohol had negative economic effects on the consumers, their households and the community at large. Consumers became financially irresponsible, less productive in their families and at the workplace, less financially stable, and untrustworthy; lost job opportunities; and experienced deterioration in household economic conditions. The study concluded that excessive consumption of alcohol had negative social and economic effects on the households and the community. The study recommended that policy interventions by both county and national governments be implemented to address excessive alcohol consumption in peri-urban areas. A community-based approach, utilizing early intervention programs, community health promoters, and public education initiatives, was necessary to reduce the stigma associated with alcoholism. The study advocated for a broad-based communication campaign to raise awareness about alcohol related harms and ensure accessible, evidence-based treatment and support services. On alcohol policy, the need to address systemic barriers that sustain the illicit alcohol market was recommended. The study calls for a one-stop regulatory system to streamline compliance, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and enhance coordination among regulatory bodies.
Effects of Conflict in Human Security Management in Lire Payam of Kajo Keji County, South Sudan
(Egerton University, 2025) Edema Evance Kenyi Lubajo
Conflicts in most parts of Africa have resulted in the killing and displacement of people who end up in camps or government institutions for purposes of protection. The conflicts in South Sudan have negatively affected the welfare of its people, who have moved from their homes for fear of being killed to safer places. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of conflicts on human security management in Lire Payam. This study was anchored on Human Security Theory. Using a survey research design, the study drew a sample of 120 security officers from approximately 1200 security officers providing security in the study area. Systematic techniques was used to draw respondents while purposive sampling technique was used to select key informants. The data collection methods were a questionnaire and key informant interviews. Quantitative data collected were coded and analyzed by use of descriptive statistics, whereas qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The most prevalent type of conflict, as per study findings, is land-related conflict (62%), followed by the displacement of residents (38%). The most common strategy used during the conflict management by the security forces was demarcation of internal boundaries (25%). The majority of respondents (40%) had a low opinion on the effectiveness of strategies in the management of security by agencies in the Payam to had not yielded positive results due to poor communication between the organized forces and the residents due to fear of being targeted (33%). The study concludes that the nature of conflict in Lire Payam is varied, but the most common one was land-related conflict, although tribal, resource allocation, and power struggle conflicts existed in a small magnitude. The study recommends that the government needs to conduct public awareness on the significance of community and security agencies' collaboration to foster information sharing that will assist in dismantling criminal networks. To deploy more security personnel to help in the security of management during conflict, to improve on road networks to facilitate easy movement of security forces tasked to provide security during conflict management. Formation of a special police unit under the state ministry of local government to coordinate security activities in Kajo Keji County.
Factors affecting Rehabilitation of Child Offenders in Kimumu Boys’ Probation Hostel, Eldoret City, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025) Ondari Deborah Sheila
Child-related crimes have become common in the current society. As a response, governments have established rehabilitation centers to reform child offenders and bring them back to societal expectations. However, in Kenya, some child offenders released from probation hostels after completion of the rehabilitation process tend to continue with delinquent behavior and some get back to probation hostels again. Therefore, the study examined the factors that influence the rehabilitation of child offenders at Kimumu boys’ probation hostel in Eldoret City. The specific objectives of the study were to; examine operational policy factors affecting the rehabilitation of child offenders, assess the institutional factors affecting the rehabilitation of child offenders, and evaluate staff-related factors affecting the rehabilitation of child offenders in Kimumu Boys Probation Hostel. The research was premised on relapse prevention theory, which gave a thorough and holistic explanation on the change of behavior in the rehabilitation process. A mixed method research design was utilized, and a census sampling technique was used to select the 44 participants into the sample whilst purposive sampling procedure was used to select 11 key informants. The methods of data collection adopted were interview and key informant interview. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze qualitative data, while descriptive data analysis techniques were used to examine quantitative data. The study established that policies governing the conduct of staff and child offenders are rigid (77%), existing policies have hindered the rehabilitation process (86%), there are issues (56%) that policy issues with child admission and rehabilitation policies affect child offenders’ rehabilitation (56%). The study also revealed that inadequate teaching and training equipment (64%) negatively affects the rehabilitation process. In addition, the study revealed that the staff at the hostel are well-equipped to handle the rehabilitation of child offenders (67%) and that staff in the study institution have a positive attitude (79%) towards rehabilitated child offenders. The study concludes that rigid and inflexible policies are the main obstacle to the customization of rehabilitation programs to the individual needs of child offenders. The study also concludes that the condition of the facilities, the amount of equipment, and the funding levels are the key factors that influence the rehabilitation process. In addition, the study concludes that the success of the rehabilitation programs is mostly based on the staff's adequacy, their attitudes toward offenders, and the stability of their positions. The study recommended rehabilitation programs to be more customized to the unique needs of child offenders by probation hostels carrying out a thorough review and revision of the existing policies.
A morphosyntactic analysis of the interlanguage of kiswahili speaking learners of english in Malindi Town, Kilifi County
(Egerton University, 2025) Oyiengo Selinah Sebokhi
This morphosyntactic study analyses the lnterlanguage of Kiswahili speaking learners of English at secondary school level. Recent studies in the Coastal region of Kenya have revealed that Kiswahili plays the role of ﬁrst language or ﬂuent second language for most of the population in this region. Leamers in Malindi Town of Kiliﬁ County have continually registered poor results in the Kenya Certiﬁcate of Secondary Examination English examination. Research in Second Language Acquisition has shown that some of the errors the learners make can reveal the Second Language processing procedures the leamers have acquired and the strategies they use to navigate in the target language. The general objective of this study was to analyze the non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms in the interlanguage of the leamers in order to determine the strategies they used to navigate in English. Guided by Processability Theory as proposed by Manfred Pienemann (1998, Z005) and the theory of lnterlanguage by Selinker (1972), the study also identiﬁed the second language processing procedures the learners had acquired. The data was collected using a grammatical task covering a variety of grammatical concepts appropriate for the learners. Students’ essays written independently of this study were also analysed. Data was collected from six secondary schools. The population sample consisted of 173 students who were randomly selected from fonns one, two, and three. The data collected was qualitatively analysed for non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in line with the theoretical framework of this study. The non-target-like sequences and morphological forms in the sentences of the learners revealed deviations in word order, negation, interrogatives, tenses, auxiliaries, clause linkage, word derivations, and inﬂections. These non-target-like syntactic sequences and morphological forms came about as a result of strategies such as communication and learning, overgeneralization, transfer of training, and language transfer which the learners employed to navigate English. The research also revealed that learners used strategies of communication such as paraphrase (approximation, word coinage, circumlocution) and repetition more than language transfer, overgeneralization, and transfer of training. It is hoped that the outcome of this research contributes to the ﬁeld of knowledge with regard to Second Language Acquisition and beneﬁts teachers, teacher-trainers, and curriculum developers as they endeavor to help students develop high levels of proﬁciency in English.
Effects of night club crimes on security in nyakuron east quarter, juba county, south sudan
(Egerton University, 2025) Marchello, Musa lagu
This study examined the effects of nightclub crimes on community security in Nyakuron East, Juba, South Sudan, addressing a signiﬁcant research gap regarding their speciﬁc effects and underlying causes. Despite their frequent occurrence, characterized by violence, insecurity, and illicit activities these crimes’ local implications remained underexplored, impeding effective policy development. The research aimed to evaluate how nightclub crimes affect Nyakuron East’s security, focusing on their social, psychological, and economic consequences and identifying key contributing factors. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrated quantitative surveys and questionnaires with qualitative in-depth interviews, engaging nightclub patrons, staff, law enforcement ofﬁcials, and community leaders. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages and means), while qualitative data underwent thematic coding in SPSS Version 28. Results indicated that nightclub crimes disrupted the community, fostering widespread fear and psychological distress among residents, decreasing business activity (65% of owners reported reduced patronage), and elevating security costs (78% of owners noted increases). Contributing factors include inadequate security, the illicit drug trade, socioeconomic disparities, and limited community involvement in prevention efforts. The study concluded that these crimes exacerbated social and psychological insecurity, imposed economic burdens on businesses, and arose from addressable causes. The study recommended targeted interventions to enhance security measures, community-based prevention initiatives, and socioeconomic suppon to foster a safer, more resilient Nyakuron East.
Language use in identity creation among facebook communities
(Egerton University, 2025) Mokeira, Nina Gichaba
This study investigated the role of social media language and identity formation dynamics within Facebook communities. Beyond being a mere communication conduit, the language activated social users’ perception, shapes their social integration, and constructs the overall identity of the community. This study sought to describe the identity constructing linguistic identity strategies and the opportunities afforded by language to sustain the social communities on Facebook. In addition, the study aimed to describe the social language pattems that Facebook community’s exhibit. This study hinges on the social identity theory of Tajfel and Turner and the Multimodal discourse analysis by Kress and van Leeuwen. From the social identity theory, social categorization, identiﬁcation and comparison processes by members of the Let’s Cook Kenyan Meals (LCKM) Facebook community to form social constructs and Identity was analyzed. While the discourse analysis focused on the integration of various communication modes to form meaning. This study analyzed a purposive sample of thirty posts and thirty corrunents by participants in a Faceboak Group called LCKM, a community of practice centered around cooking. Participants discussed other issues like politics, marriage, weight loss, and education, along with the cooking and recipes. Data were captured through qualitative content analysis, where the researchers purposively selected thirty posts and thirty comments from the group’s F acebook page. The author used thematic content analysis to respond to the research objectives, organizing and analyzing the data based on the broader themes positioned around SIT and MDA. The findings indicated that Facebook users employed language to construct and signify social identities. Users culturally identiﬁed themselves by displaying various meals and concluding their posts by challenging other members to name the meals in their native language. Married users employed personal storytelling and linguistic devices, especially emojis, to express and discuss marriage and politically related issues. The posts and comments language promoted sharing and sustained a supportive community around the Facebook group. The combined linguistic and semiotic content generated by LCKM members served to validate and articulate the existing gendered social norms that structure domestic and culinary expectations. Therefore, this study holds signiﬁcant sociolinguistic implications for digital communication studies, broader processes of identity creation and community building.
Crimes committed by police officers in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2025) Gitau, Njuguna Martin
This study explored the troubling phenomenon of crimes committed by police officers in Nairobi County, a subject often overlooked due to the scarcity of reliable data. Despite being entrusted with the responsibility to uphold law and order, instances of police misconduct have occurred, yet very little systematic infonnation has been collected, shared, or used to inform strategies for crime management. Motivated by this gap, the study sought to understand the types of crimes committed by serving police ofﬁcers, the prevalence of offenses by dismissed ofﬁcers, and the perceptions of police personnel regarding the factors that link police misconduct to insecurity in the county. Guided by Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activities Theory, the research adopted a mixed-methods design. Ninety primary respondents and thirty key infonnants provided data through questionnaires. Quantitative responses were analyzed with SPSS and presented in tables, while qualitative insights were examined thematically, using direct quotes to illustrate key points. The ﬁndings were both revealing and alanning. Crimes by serving officers were dominated by violent acts, accounting for nearly half of the cases, followed closely by economically motivated crimes. Drug-related and alcohol-related offenses were less frequent but still present. The reality that these crimes were committed by those mandated to prevent wrongdoing exposes critical lapses in authority and legitimacy, with far-reaching implications for national security. Among dismissed ofﬁcers, violent and economic crimes remained prevalent, while property-related offenses stood out, suggesting a distinct pattern in post-service criminal behavior. Further analysis showed strong positive relationships between factors leading to police misconduct and insecurity. Organizational conditions, individual motivations, and situational circumstances all contributed to the likelihood of offending, highlighting the complex and multi-layered nature of the problem. The study ultimately emphasizes the urgent need for systemic reforms within the National Police Service. Recommendations include implementing policies that reduce the incentive for officers to engage in crime, conducting rigorous background checks during recruitment, establishing monitoring mechanisms for dismissed ofﬁcers, and drawing on global best practices to manage errant behavior effectively. Addressing these issues is essential not only for restoring public trust but also for strengthening security in Nairobi County
SELECTED FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER SATISFACTION AND PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHERS IN GATANGA DISTRICT, MURANG’A COUNTY
(Egerton University, 2014-08) Mwangi, Kamau Peter.
Career satisfaction among teachers is very crucial to the long-term growth of any educational system around the world. However, many teachers in Kenya are leaving the teaching frontline for jobs in other sectors. This study sought to establish the influence of the selected factors on career satisfaction and professional achievement among secondary school teachers in Gatanga District. The target population of the study was 460 teachers from 32 secondary schools in Gatanga District, Kenya. The sample composed of 170 teachers selected using random sampling methods, 30 HODs and 10 principals purposively selected. Schools were stratified into girls’ schools, boys’ schools and mixed secondary schools. The study employed ex post facto research design. Items sought responses on working conditions, motivation, supervision and qualification as selected factors influencing career satisfaction and professional achievement among secondary school teachers. Piloting was done with twenty teachers and five HODs from two schools which were not part of the sample. Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.707 was established for teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability for the HODs questionnaire was 0.732. Descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) were used to analyze data with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SSPS). Results revealed that the teachers’ and HODs’ characteristics such as personality, age and gender had no statistically significant influence on career satisfaction and professional achievement. However, working conditions, motivation, supervision and qualification were statistically significant. About 65.4% of teachers agreed that the selected factors had influence on career satisfaction and professional achievement. The study recommends that all stakeholders should be consulted since career satisfaction and professional achievement had proven to have great impact on teachers’ performance. The findings of the study are expected to be useful to TSC, Heads of Institutions and the Ministry of Education to reduce career satisfaction and professional achievement related problems exhibited among secondary school teachers.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SMALLSCALE FARMERS’ ADOPTION OF FARM-FORESTRY POLICY IN NAROK NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(Egerton University, 2019-11) NAEKU,PERERUAN CECILIA.
The government of Kenya has over the years promoted the adoption of farm-forestry through various programmes and initiatives with the aims of reversing land degradation and increasing forest cover. One of the most recent efforts was through the establishment of the farm-forestry rules of 2009 which stipulated that 10% of agricultural land should be under trees. However, farm-forestry adoption in the country has remained sub-optimal causing concerns to policy makers. This study, therefore, encompassed both socio-economic and psychological factors to gain a holistic understanding of the adoption of farm-forestry in Narok North Sub-County. An explanatory sequential mixed method research design was used in which quantitative data was first collected followed by the collection of qualitative data. The Nassiuma’s equation was used to calculate the sample size for the quantitative research and a sample size of 110 small-scale farm households was obtained. The quantitative study used a two-stage sampling procedure whereby in the first stage proportionate sampling was used and the second stage involved simple random sampling. Purposive sampling was used for the qualitative data in which 10 farm-forestry adopters and 10 non-adopters were selected based on their tree density levels. Quantitative data was obtained using a structured questionnaire while qualitative data was collected using interview guides. The instruments were validated prior to the collection of data. A pilot test was carried out with 10 farming households in Narok East Sub-County and the reliability of the instrument was determined using cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The reliability test yielded a coefficient of 0.79 which was deemed sufficient. The results of this study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between age-group, gender, level of education, extension contact and farmergroup membership and adoption of farm-forestry. Land tenure status and agricultural enterprise were also found to significantly influence the adoption of farm-forestry. While the land sizes of farm-forestry adopters and non-adopters were found to be significantly different. There were also statistically significant differences between the attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control of farm-forestry adopters and non-adopters. The results of the Tobit model showed that gender and land tenure status significantly predicted adoption of farm-forestry. The results of the qualitative data analysis revealed that both farm-forestry adopters and non-adopters understood the importance of practising farm-forestry. However, the farm-forestry non-adopters felt that farm-forestry was a long-term and risky venture that was both knowledge and resource intensive. Therefore trainings to equip farmers with knowledge and skills on farm-forestry practice and other forms of support prove imperative if the government intends to increase the adoption of farm-forestry.
SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF OIL EXPLORATION ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH LOKICHAR BASIN, TURKANA COUNTY, KENYA
(Egerton University, 2019-10) COSMAS EKWOM KAMAIS
This study attempted to explore the security implications of oil exploration on the socio-economic activities in south Lokichar basin, Turkana County, Kenya. Motivation for the study was drawn from manifest disputes between the county government and the national government on the exploration, extraction, production sharing of Oil benefits. This study was based on the Resource curse theory and Environmental justice theory. The research objectives were; to analyse the security implications of oil exploration on social activities; to evaluate the security implications of oil exploration on economic activities and; to examine emerging security management issues due to oil exploration. Cross-sectional survey design was used for the study. A sample of 382 respondents was drawn from a population was 8,493 adult residents of south Lokichar basin, Turkana County. A total of 32 key informants were drawn from the expatriate employees of Tullow PLC, administrators and community elders for Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Indigenous respondents were sampled using cluster area sampling, while the key informants/FGD participants were purposively sampled. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interview schedule and FGD sessions; while secondary data was collected through thematic review of relevant literature. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis of excerpts; while quantitative data analysed using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and presented through descriptive frequencies, charts and tables. The study found that oil exploration had both positive and negative implications on the socio-economic activities of Lokichar community. The negative implications were mostly security in nature and arose from poor management of the community‟s expectations as regards expected benefits for oil exploration activities. The lack of proper management of the high expectations led to adversarial relations between the Lokichar community and the oil exploration company resulting in facility takeovers and disruptions in exploration operations. Besides, influx of people from outside Lokichar for oil related engagements led to a rise in crime; further adding to security burden. The study concluded that oil exploration has affected the socio-economic lives of the Lokichar residents and if not well managed, will lead to more confrontations adding to insecurity in the region. The study recommended that measures to manage expectations need to be undertaken by stakeholders. These include; increased community participation to encourage transparency, civil societies involvement to expose abuses, inclusive policy reviews on security, natural resource management and revenue sharing, exploration of alternative energy sources, institution of development and poverty eradication measures, and employment of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in dealing with disputes arising from oil exploration
CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIGENOUS EDUCATION TO HEALTH PRACTICES: A CASE OF BUKUSU COMMUNITY OF BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA
(Egerton University, 2014-10) CHIKATI, KAVINJE DAVID
THE ROLE OF REINFORCEMENT ON SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NAKURU TOWN, KENYA
(Egerton University, 2020-06) KONYU., NDEGWA GRACE.
Reinforcement of learners’ performance has been regarded as of little or no consequence in Second Language Acquisition theory and practice. On the contrary, it has always been considered important in education theory and practice. The study investigated how reinforcement of learners may be a powerful tool in the improvement of performance in the English language in secondary schools hence increasing the opportunity of acquiring competence in the language. The study involved describing teachers’ use of reinforcement in English language classes; establishing the effect of teachers’ use of reinforcement on learners’ performance in the English language and finding out the challenges that teachers face in the reinforcement of English language learners. The study was guided by Gardner and Lambert’s Socio-Educational theory of second language acquisition. The study was carried out in selected secondary schools in Nakuru town. The study used descriptive research design. The accessible population for the study was teachers and learners of the English language in secondary schools in Nakuru town. Stratified random sampling was used to select the four schools while simple random sampling was used to choose two observation classes that are, one stream in form two, three and four, respectively in each school. It resulted in eight observational schedules. Three hundred and fifty-three learners and eight teachers were observed. Sixty students in form 2-4 and the eight teachers were purposively selected for interviews. The total sample size in the study was 413 learners and 16 teachers of English which added up to 429 participants. The study used interviews, audio recording and Structured Observational Schedules for data collection. The data was presented in the form of tables, figures and verbatim transcript excerpts for exemplification and illustration in a qualitative explication. The findings of the study revealed that second language learners’ performance in English is greatly influenced by teachers’ use of reinforcement. The findings also proved that teachers of English give unguarded praises, negative statements and criticisms to English second language learners. The study is an essential contribution to the field of Second Language Acquisition Theory and practice with regard to offering information and insight into reinforcement, motivation and attitudes in practical language acquisition and learning in the classroom situation. These findings are useful in the improvement of second language learners’ performance in English. The findings also inform teachers of English to acquaint themselves with effective use of positive verbal reinforcement (general praise, ability praise and effort praise) which works as a driving and motivational force on learners’ acquisition and use of English language.
ASSESMENT OF FACTORS AFFECTING ISIOLO COUNTY COMMUNITY WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY WITH REFERENCE TO ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA
(Egerton University, 2017-05) ADE, ABDUBA DIDA.
This study focused on the assessment of factors affecting Isiolo county community wildlife conservancy with reference to ecotourism development in Kenya. Community based wildlife conservancy has become a popular approach especially in Africa since it has been found to be effective in conservation of wildlife outside protected areas and ecotourism developments. However community based wildlife conservation approach faces a number of challenges undermining its achievement of ecotourism goals. Thus, the study established factors constraining community wildlife conservancy in achieving ecotourism. The objectives of the study were to establish community based factors affecting community wildlife conservancy in achieving ecotourism. To examine socio-ecological factors hindering development of ecotourism by community wildlife conservancy and to establish remedies to the challenges to eco-tourism development in Merti Sub-County. The study was guided by two theories; Structural functionalism Theory and political ecology Theory. Descriptive survey design was used; interview schedules and Focus Group Discussion were used to collect data from respondents. The study usedstratified samplingto arrive at a sample of 120 households who were permanent resident of Merti, Cherrab and Kom Divisions of Merti Sub-County and purposive sampling of eight key informants, five men and three women who took part in FGD. Field data was analyzed using SPSS and Excel, analyzed data was presented using frequency table, pie charts, bar graphs and percentages.Pilot study was conducted at Archer’s post, Samburu County of Kenya to establish suitability and clarity of the research instruments. Findings of this study indicated that majority of the respondents 92.5% believed that ecotourism development by community wildlife conservancy is ineffective because of effects of community based, socio-ecological and technical factors which requires an urgent remedies. Key community based factors identified are low level of education, high level of poverty, insecurity, inadequate infrastructure development and human wildlife conflict. Socio-ecological factors are habitat destruction, poaching, disease transmission, and compensation procedures. The study recommends inclusion of wildlife conservation and ecotourism study in primary and secondary school curriculum and formation of a body that shall oversee community wildlife conservation initiative and its welfare. This study concludes that factors affecting Isiolo county community wildlife conservancy with reference to ecotourism development are majorly limited to the community actions and hence this study recommends initiation of community capacity building forums and active management participation.
Effects of the Adoption of International Civil Aviation Organization Security Preventive Measures: A Case Study of Juba International Airport
(Egerton University, 2025) Solomon Deng Kutreng Agok
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) came up with standard of security requirements and best practices for maintaining safety and security of international air travel across the globe. The importance of such standards led to the use of the ICAO standards at actual airport like the Juba International Airport (JIA) in its efforts to enhance its security systems. However, their application may vary in terms of effectiveness of their implementation, and the scarcity of resources as well as the need to train, which could hinder their optimal adherence. This study has analysed the effectiveness of the implementation of ICAO security preventive measures in the JIA, South Sudan, and how these measures effective in curbing security threat. This study was conducted to examine the implementation of the ICAO security standards and recommended practices (SARP) in the airport including passenger screening, access control, baggage and aircraft security and handling. Specific objectives were to determine the efficiency of the ICAO measures on security preventive measures implemented, to investigate the level of understanding of the employees on the security measures implemented in JIA, to ascertain the level to which the JIA was prepared to the implemented ICAO measures and to determine whether the implementation had some challenges. The target population consisted of 132 security officers in various categories in JIA where 100 of the security officers were sampled in the study. It employed mixed method and employed qualitative and quantitative techniques of data collection and analysis. Security officers were administered with a questionnaire to give details of the ICAO security measures usage and utility. The airport management was also interviewed extensively. Data analysis happened through the use of the statistical package of the social sciences. These findings revealed that ICAO security preventative measures installed at JIA were seen to be effective by the majority of the participants as 74 percent of the respondents noted that the passenger and luggage screening operations were being conducted appropriately. However, some challenges such as the resource shortage and the need of the enhanced trainings were identified, and 69% of the respondents identified resource shortage as one of the greatest setbacks. The research established the weaknesses and strengths of the ICAO security measures. Whereas the degree of awareness and the perceived effectiveness was high among the security personnel, limitation of resources and lack of training was found to be a barrier to implementation. This inform the airport managers, the regulatory agencies and the airlines their security infrastructure and training the airport employees. These issues are crucial and need to be addressed to manage security and ensure better experience of passengers at JIA.
Effects of night club crimes on security in Nyakuron East quarter, Juba County, South Sudan
(Egerton University, 2025) Lagu, Musa Marchello
This study examined the effects of nightclub crimes on community security in Nyakuron East, Juba, South Sudan, addressing a signiﬁcant research gap regarding their speciﬁc effects and underlying causes. Despite their frequent occurrence, characterized by violence, insecurity, and illicit activities these crimes’ local implications remained underexplored, impeding effective policy development. The research aimed to evaluate how nightclub crimes affect Nyakuron East’s security, focusing on their social, psychological, and economic consequences and identifying key contributing factors. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrated quantitative surveys and questionnaires with qualitative in-depth interviews, engaging nightclub patrons, staff, law enforcement ofﬁcials, and community leaders. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages and means), while qualitative data underwent thematic coding in SPSS Version 28. Results indicated that nightclub crimes disrupted the community, fostering widespread fear and psychological distress among residents, decreasing business activity (65% of owners reported reduced patronage), and elevating security costs (78% of owners noted increases). Contributing factors include inadequate security, the illicit drug trade, socioeconomic disparities, and limited community involvement in prevention efforts. The study concluded that these crimes exacerbated social and psychological insecurity, imposed economic burdens on businesses, and arose from addressable causes. The study recommended targeted interventions to enhance security measures, community-based prevention initiatives, and socioeconomic suppon to foster a safer, more resilient Nyakuron East.
Factors influencing the rise in insecurity in Gudele Payam in Juba, South Sudan
(Egerton University, 2025) Wol Deng, John Manut
This study investigated the factors inﬂuencing the rise of insecurity in Gudele Payam, Juba City, South Sudan. Gudele Payam has experienced increasing crime levels, threatening residents’ safety and social stability, yet prior research on South Sudan’s security lacks speciﬁc analysis of localized drivers, particularly economic and socio-cultural factors in this post-conflict, peri-urban context. This study sought to identify and map insecurity incidents, examine the economic and socio-cultural factors driving their increase, and evaluate residents’ coping mechanisms in Gudele Payam amid rising threats. The study was Conducted in Gudele Payam’s quarter councils selected for their size, mix of fonnal and informal structures, and high insecurity rates. The research was guided by the broken windows theory, viewing the environment as key to social cohesion and control. Stratiﬁed random and purposive sampling selected participants, with data collected via interviews due to low literacy levels. Quantitative data were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software to generate descriptive statistics, including frequency tables illustrating factors driving insecurity. Findings showed Gudele Payam faced high incidents of theft (55%), robbery (52%), assault (43%), and drug-related insecurities (38%), with hotspots mapped in dense, poorly lit areas. Economic factors like unemployment (72%), poverty (68%), and informal markets (61%) signiﬁcantly contributed to insecurity. Socio-cultural factors, including breakdown of traditional values (59%), inﬂux of non-natives (53%), and weak community cohesion (47%), also fueled the rise. Coping mechanisms included vigilante groups (4l%) and religious/traditional authorities (32%), though 27% felt helpless. Conclusions are: (1) varied insecurity types and hotspots demand targeted policing; (2) economic hardship drives crime, needing job creation; (3) socio-cultural fragmentation worsens insecurity, requiring cohesion efforts; and (4) limited coping strategies highlight the need for enhanced security support. The study provided a comprehensive understanding of insecurity factors in Gudele Payam, informing targeted strategies to reduce it and enhance safety. Recommendations included community-based prevention programs, economic opportunities, strengthened social cohesion, and improved local security capacity, contributing to residents’ well-being.
Determinants, prevalence, spatial variation of pneumonia and control strategies among children aged under five years in Kericho County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2026) Tonui, Nicholas
Although the government of Kenya is putting efforts to reduce the mortality in children under ﬁve years old from pneumonia and related diseases, the prevalence of pneumonia in Kenya remains higher. For example, the incidence of pneumonia grew from 8 in 2008 to 9 in 2014, and 14 in 2020 per live birth. The prevalence of pneumonia in Kenya stands at 16, which is higher than the regional prevalence of 14 found in Africa. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the detenninants and prevalence of pneumonia, its spatial distribution, and household response strategies. The research was based on empirical and theoretical literature review. It was guided by germ theory and protective motivation theory. The study utilized descriptive research design involving questionnaires and interviews. The sample frame comprised 391 respondents that arrived using purposive sampling. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and Chi-square. The results revealed that pneumonia among children under ﬁve years of age had a high prevalence of about 36% across various critical indicators. These indicators were cough, respiratory distress, and chest complications. Risk determinants of pneumonia prevalence included hereditary factors, wet cleaning practices, place of residency, and frequency of exposure to congested settings (p- value less than 0.005). Spatial analysis showed a marked spatial variation in pneumonia distribution. Ainamoi Ward with 54%; 469.3 km2 was highest and Kipchebor Ward with 32%; 51 1.8 km2 was lowest prevalence. Kipchimchim Ward recorded the lowest incidence at 14%, covering a total area of 164.2 km2. Household response strategies were frequently mentioned: wearing warm clothes (31%), eating a balanced diet (11%), improving air circulation in the home (9%), avoiding places where people gather in large groups (11%). The research demonstrated high prevalence and household response methods, as well as other important ﬁndings about pneumonia, the leading cause of death among children under the age of ﬁve. These outcomes are consistent with 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development (SDG) which aims to ensure the well-being of children at all age groups globally. The research calls for a concerted effort to overcome pneumonia and highlights the importance of strengthening healthcare infrastructure, tackling underlying risk factors, such as hygiene, improving indoor air quality, and increasing vaccination. Priority areas include the development of tailored approaches to address the speciﬁc vulnerabilities of different populations, including improved immunization programs, early detection and treatment through training of community health workers and caregivers, and the implementation of integrated community case management centers and effective referral processes.
Uchanganuzi wa lugha na itikadi za mamalaka ya kijinsia katika nyimbo za harusi kutoka jamii ya wakikuyu wilaya ya Kirinyaga
(Egerton University, 2013) Wakiuru, Maina Kenneth
An Assessment of strategies to sustain beneficieries' livehoods by adventist Centre at Kabagare slum, Nairorbi County, Kenya
(Egerton University, 2020) Ongere, Isabella

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