Effects of Climate Change and Climate Variability on Smallholder Livestock Production in Njoro Sub-County

Abstract

Smallholder livestock production is one of the major means of livelihood supporting many families world over. This system acts as a source of food and financial security to many households therefore sustaining their socio-economic wellbeing as well as that of the nation. However, this support system is under threat due to the effects of climate change on the production system around the world. Over the years, changes in climate have been observed in Njoro sub-county and therefore, this study sought to find the perception of the effects climate change and variability are having on smallholder livestock production in the area. This was done through determination of the aspects of climate change and variability that have impacted on livestock production and the magnitude of their effect. Further, the study documented the various coping strategies, adaptation and mitigation measures employed by smallholder farmers in order to cope, minimize, and mitigate against climate change and variability effects on livestock production; as well as the factors undermining their efforts. The study employed a social survey research design where primary data were collected by the use of a questionnaire and participant observation, while secondary data were sourced through a literature review of journals, books, articles, agricultural records at the sub-county and county headquarters, and from the meteorological department. Stratified random sampling and systematic random sampling techniques were used to select the sample population of smallholder livestock production farmers in Njoro sub-county, and the data generated was analyzed using descriptive statistics. From the study, it was evident that climate change and variability is being experienced in Njoro subcounty, with the notable change in climatic parameters being rainfall amount, and drought duration. Of the respondent perception to the climatic parameters affecting smallholder livestock production, 86% of the total respondents perceived a reduction in rainfall amount over the years, and 57% of the total respondents perceived prolongation in drought duration. As a result, 72% of the total respondents sighted a decline in the rearing of livestock, as well as a drop in livestock productivity, and 71% of the total respondents noted an increase in the occurrence of livestock diseases in the area due to climate change and variability. However, most smallholder livestock production farmers in the study area have developed appropriate coping strategies, adaptation, and mitigation measures against the effects of climate change and variability, but their efforts need to be strengthened by the county government.