Uchanganuzi wa hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere kwa mkabala wa nadharia ya balagha

Abstract

Mshawasha wa idhaa ya taifa wa kuzipeperusha hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere hewani kila uchao kabla ya utafiti huu, ulikuwa bado haujafahamika. Katika kuziba mwanya wa kielimu, utafiti huu ulichanganua hotuba zake ili kubaini ikiwa kuna maudhui mahsusi na mbinu za kiisimu zinazozua ushawishi katika hotuba zake hasa kwa mkabala wa Nadharia ya Balagha. Madhumuni ya Utafiti huu yalikuwa ni: Kutambulisha maudhui mahususi yaliyomo katika hotuba teule za Mwalimu Nyerere; kubainisha jinsi mitindo katika hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere inavyotumika kushawishi hadhira; na kupambanua athari zinazoikumba hadhira ya wasikilizaji ama wasomaji wa hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere. Maswali ya utafiti yalikuwa ni: Hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere zina maudhui gani mahsusi yanayoweza kutambulishwa? Mwalimu Nyerere alitumia mitindo gani katika hotuba zake kushawishi hadhira? na Hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere zina athari gani mahsusi kwa hadhira? Nadharia ya Balagha iliyoasisiwa na Aristotle ndiyo iliyoongoza utafiti huu. Hotuba teule ishirini na sita za kimaandishi zilichanganuliwa kwa njia ya uchunguzi wa yaliyomo ili kupata deta ya maudhui na mitindo ili kukidhi madhumuni ya kwanza na ya pili utafiti huu. Deta ya maoni ya watu ishirini na sita wenye desturi ya kusikiliza hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere kupitia redio ya Taifa (T B C) ilikusanywa ili kukidhi madhumuni ya tatu. Uchanganuzi wa deta ulifanyika kwa kutumia mbinu ya kithamano na ya kiwingidadi. Mbinu hizo pia ndizo zilizotumika katika kuelezea matokeo ya utafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti yalidhihirisha kwamba kulikuwa na maudhui ya: Umoja wa kitaifa na wa Wafanyakazi, Azimio la Arusha: Ufaafu wake, kupaa na kutunguliwa kwake, Uongozi bora: Uwajibikaji, Makemevu kuhusu Rushwa, Ukabila na Udini, Umuhimu wa Sheria, Demokrasia, Ubaguzi, Onyo kwa Idd Amin; Kilimo kwanza na Elimu kwa wote. Pia mbinu za kiisimu zifuatazo zilibainika: maswali ya kibalagha; tashbiha; tashhisi; tashtiti, takriri neno, tafsida; tafsida kengeushi, istiara, mafumbo, kinaya, kejeli, uchanganyaji ndimi, usimulizi misemo, methali na uchimuzi. Na maoni ya wasailiwa kuhusu hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere ilibainika kwamba hadi hivi leo Watanzania wangali wakizitafakari na kuzifurahia hotuba za Mwalimu Nyerere kiasi cha kuzichukulia kama dira ya maongozi yao. Ni imani ya mtafiti kwamba, utafiti huu utachangia katika taaluma ya uchanganuzi usemi na usomi wa balagha katika hotuba.

ABSTRACT Among the many things that made Mwalimu Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania, porpular to Tanzanians and the rest of the world up to now are his speeches and the style in which they were delivered on different occasions. This popularity has continued even after having passed away in 1999 as manifested in continued airing out of the speeches on daily basis on the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation. The reasons for according those speeches such priority had not yet been empirically established. This study, therefore, sought to analyse those speeches from the rhetorical perspective in order to bridge the knowledge gap. The objectives of the study were to establish the various themes embedded in Mwalimu Nyerere’s speeches and how style is used to persuade the audience that listen to them. It was hypothesized that Mwalimu Nyerere used to apply specific themes and styles in delivering his speeches and that the speeches had certain effects on the listeners. The study was guided by the Rhetoric Theory of Aristotle. Twenty six Speeches of Mwalimu Nyerere were collected from Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation libraries and analysed by using content analysis to establish themes and styles. Opinions were obtained from twenty six respondent to establish effect of speeches on audiences. The study revealed that Mwalimu Nyerere's speeches have specific themes which include: Unity; Importance of sticking to law; Corruption; Exemplary leadership; Significance of the Arusha Declaration; Workers' Unity; Education for all; A warning to Idd Amin; Democracy; The Ups and Downs of the Arusha Declaration. Furthermore; the speeches exhibited the use of rhetoric manifested in various linguistic devices and dramatic techniques intended to persuade the listenership. These include: Similes, Personification, Satire, Repetition, Metaphor, Parables, Irony, Code mixing, Proverbs and Narratives. The study shows that through such use of language, Mwalimu Nyerere’s speeches continue to attract the attention of many Tanzania to the extent that they regard them as guiding principles in as far as exemplary leadership is concerned. This study is a contribution to Discourse Analysis and the application of rhetoric in speeches. It is anticipated that it will benefit subsequent researchers, Sociolinguistics, politicians and community at large.